Outline Procedures for Infection Control in Own Work Setting

Outline procedures for infection control in your own work setting At Gap Club to reduce the risk of infections we: 1. Provide protective clothing and equipment for staff in accordance with company procedures. 2. Have daily, weekly and monthly routine sterilising processes in place. 3. Outside contract cleaners clean premises daily. 4. If an outbreak does occur then a deep clean is completed in the appropriate area/s by Gap staff and contract cleaners.It is a fact that children will get ill and by following the guidelines in our policy it reduces unnecessary exposure to illnesses and ensures infections are managed effectively creating a happy and healthy club for all children and young people. If at any time there are any infectious diseases present at the Nursery this will be clearly displayed at the entrance to the room where the infection has occurred. At Gap Club to reduce the risk of infections we: 1. Provide protective clothing and equipment for staff in accordance with company procedures. . Have daily, weekly and monthly routine sterilising processes in place. 3. Outside contract cleaners clean premises daily. 4. If an outbreak does occur then a deep clean is completed in the appropriate area/s by Gap staff and contract cleaners. It is a fact that children will get ill and by following the guidelines in our policy it reduces unnecessary exposure to illnesses and ensures infections are managed effectively creating a happy and healthy club for all children and young people.If at any time there are any infectious diseases present at the Nursery this will be clearly displayed at the entrance to the room where the infection has occurred. At Gap Club to reduce the risk of infections we: 1. Provide protective clothing and equipment for staff in accordance with company procedures. 2. Have daily, weekly and monthly routine sterilising processes in place. 3. Outside contract cleaners clean premises daily. 4.If an outbreak does occur then a deep clean is completed i n the appropriate area/s by Gap staff and contract cleaners. It is a fact that children will get ill and by following the guidelines in our policy it reduces unnecessary exposure to illnesses and ensures infections are managed effectively creating a happy and healthy club for all children and young people. If at any time there are any infectious diseases present at the Nursery this will be clearly displayed at the entrance to the room where the infection has occurred.

Disruptive Technology

Disruptive Technology Abstract The objective of this project is to explain the emergence of disruptive technology in the IT industry that will enable and help the organizations growth in a cost effective manner. One of the hottest topics in today’s IT corridors is the uses and benefits of virtualization technologies. IT companies all over the globe are executing virtualization for a diversity of business requirements, driven by prospects to progress server flexibility and decrease operational costs. InfoTech Solutions being dominant IT solution provider can be broadly benefited by implementing the virtualization. This paper is intended to provide the complete details of virtualization, its advantages and strategies for SMEs to migrate. Introduction 2009 IT buzz word is ‘Virtualization’. Small, medium and large business organizations seriously started to re organize their e-business strategy towards the successful disruptive technology of virtualization. Virtualization of business applications permits IT operations in organizations of all sizes to decrease costs, progress IT services and to reduce risk management. The most remarkable cost savings are the effect of diminishing hardware, utilization of space and energy, as well as the productivity gains leads to cost savings. In the Small business sector virtualization can be defined as a technology that permits application workloads to be maintained independent of host hardware. Several applications can share a sole, physical server. Workloads can be rotated from one host to another without any downtime. IT infrastructure can be managed as a pool of resources, rather than a collection of physical devices. Disruptive Technology Disruptive Technology or disruptive Innovation is an innovation that makes a product or service better by reducing the price or changing the market dramatically in a way it does not expect. Christensen (2000) stated that ‘‘disruptive technologies are typically simpler, cheaper, and more reliable and convenient than established technologies’’ (p. 192). Before we do any research on disruptive technology it is useful and necessary to summarize the Christensen’s notion of disruptive technology. Christensen was projected as â€Å"guru† by the business (Scherreik, 2000). His work has been broadly referred by scholars or researchers working in different disciplines and topics like the development of new product, strategies like marketing and management and so on. In his book â€Å"The Innovator’s Dilemma,† (Christensen 1997) Christensen had done significant observations about the circumstances under which companies or organizations that are established lose market to an entrant that was referred as disruptive technology. This theory became extremely influential in the management decision making process (Vaishnav, 2008). Christensen’s arguments, from the academic references (Christensen 1992; Christensen and Rosenbloom 1995; Christensen, Suarez et al. 1996) instead of looking in to his famous paperbacks (Christensen 1997; Christensen and Raynor 2003), explains that the entrant might have more advantage then the incumbent and it requires the understanding of three important forces: technological capability (Henderson and Clark 1990), organizational dynamics (Anderson and Tushman 1990), and value (Christensen and Rosenbloom 1995). He argued further that company’s competitive strategy and mainly its earlier choices of markets to serve, decides its perceptions of economic value in new technology, and improves the rewards it will expect to obtain through innovation. Christensen (1995) classifies new technology into two types: sustaining and disruptive. Sustaining technology depends on rising improvements to an already established technology, at the same time Disruptive technology is new, and replaces an established technology unexpectedly. The disruptive technologies may have lack of refinement and often may have performance problems because these are fresh and may not have a verified practical application yet. It takes a lot of time and energy to create something new and innovative that will significantly influence the way that things are done. Most of the organizations are concerned about maintaining and sustaining their products and technologies instead of creating something new and different that may better the situation. They will make change and minor modifications to improve the current product. These changes will give a bit of new life to those products so that they can increase the sales temporarily and keeps the technology a bit longer. Disruptive technologies generally emerge from outside to the mainstream. For example the light bulb was not invented by the candle industry seeking to improve the results. Normally owners of recognized technology organizations tend to focus on their increased improvements to their existing products and try to avoid potential threat to their business (Techcom, 2004). Compared to sustaining products, disruptive technologies take steps into various directions, coming up with ideas that would work against with products in the current markets and could potentially replace the mainstream products that are being used. So it is not considered as disruption, but considered as innovation. It is not only replacing, but improving ahead what we have now making things enhanced, quicker, and mostly cooler. Either it may be disruptive or innovative; technologies are changing the â€Å"future wave† in to reality and slowly started occupying the world. On one hand, the warning of disruption makes incumbents suspicious about losing the market, while emerging new entrants confident of inventing the next disruptive technology. Perhaps, such expects and worries produce more competition in the market place. It seems that every year there is a laundry list of products and technologies that are going to â€Å"change the world as we know it. † One that seems to have potential to achieve the title of a disruptive technology is something that has been around for a while now: virtualization. Gartner (2008) describes disruptive technology as â€Å"causing major change in the accepted way of doing things, including business models, processes, revenue streams, industry dynamics and consumer behaviors†. Virtualization is one of the top ten disruptive technologies listed by Gartner (Gartner. com). This virtualization technology is not new to the world. As computers turn into more common though, it became obvious that simply time-sharing a single computer was not always ideal because the systems can be misused intentionally or unintentionally and that may crash the entire system to alt. To avoid this multi system concept emerged. This multi system concept provided a lot of advantages in the organizational environment like Privacy, security to data, Performance and isolation. For example in organization culture it is required to keep certain activities performing from different systems. A testing application run in a system sometimes may halt the system or crash the syst em completely. So it is obvious to run the application in a separate system that won’t affect the net work. On the other hand placing different applications in the same system may reduce the performance of the system as they access the same available system resources like memory, network input/output, Hard disk input/output and priority scheduling (Barham, at,. el, 2003). The performance of the system and application will be greatly improved if the applications are placed in different systems so that they can have its own resources. It is very difficult for most of the organization to invest on multiple systems and at times it is hard to keep all the systems busy to its full potential and difficult to maintain and also the asset value keeps depreciating. So investing in multiple systems becomes waste at times, however having multi systems obviously has its own advantages. Considering this cost and waste, IBM introduced the first virtual machine in 1960 that made one system to be as it was multiple. In the starting, this fresh technology allowed individuals to run multiple applications at the same time to increase the performance of person and computer to do multitask abilities. Along with this multi tasking factor created by virtualization, it was also a great money saver. The multitasking ability of virtualization that allowed computers to do more than one task at a time become more valuable to companies, so that they can leverage their investments completely (VMWare. com). Virtualization is a hyped and much discussed topic recently due to its potential characteristics. Firstly it has capacity to use the computer resources in a better potential way maximizing the company’s hardware investment. It is estimated that only 25% of the total resources are utilized in an average data center. By virtualization large number older systems can be replaced by a highly modern, reliable and scalable enterprise servers reduce the hardware and infrastructure cost significantly. It is not just server consolidation, virtualization offers much more than that like the ability to suspend, resume, checkpoint, and migrate running Chesbrough (1999a, 1999b). It is exceptionally useful in handling the long running jobs. If a long running job is assigned to a virtual machine with checkpoints enabled, in any case it stops or hangs, it can be restarted from where it stopped instead of starting from the beginning. The main deference of today’s virtualization compared to the older mainframe age is that it can be allocated any of the service’s choice location and is called as of Distributed Virtual Machines that opens a whole lot of possibilities like monitoring of network, validating security policy and the distribution of content (Peterson et, al, 2002). The way virtual technology breaks the single operating system boundaries is what made it to be a significant part of technology that leads in to the disruptive technology group. It allows the users to run multiple applications in multiple operating systems on a single computer simultaneously. (VMWare. com, 2009) Basically, this new move will have a single physical server and that hardware can be made in to software that will use all the available hardware resources to create a virtual mirror of it. The replications created can be used as software based computers to run multiple applications at the same time. These software based computers will have the complete attributes like RAM, CPU and NIC interface of the physical computers. The only different is that there will be only one system instead of multiple running different operating systems (VMWare. com, 2009) called guest machines. Virtual Machine Monitor Guest virtual machines can be hosted by a method called as Virtual Machine Monitor or VMM. This should go hand-in-hand with virtual machines. In realty, VMM is referred as the host and the hosted virtual machines are referred as guests. The physical resources required by the guests are offered by the software layer of the VMM or host. The following figure represents the relationship between VMM and guests. The VMM supplies the required virtual versions of processor, system devices such as I/O devices, storage, memory, etc. It also presents separation between the virtual machines and it hosts so that issues in one cannot effect another. As per the research conducted by Springboard Research study recently, the spending related to virtualization software and services will reach to 1. 5 billion US dollar by the end of 2010. The research also adds that 50% of CIOs interested in deploying virtualization to overcome the issues like poor performance system’s low capacity utilization and to face the challenges of developing IT infrastructure. TheInfoPro, a research company states that more than 50% of new servers installed were based on virtualization and this number is expected to grow up to 80% by the end of 2012. V irtualization will be the maximum impact method modifying infrastructure and operations by 2012. In reference to Gartner, Inc. 008, Virtualization will renovate how IT is bought, planed, deployed and managed by the companies. As a result, it is generating a fresh wave of competition among infrastructure vendors that will result in market negotiation and consolidation over the coming years. The market share for PC virtualization is also booming rapidly. The growth is expected to be 660 million compared to 5 million in till 2007. Virtualization strategy for mid-sized businesses Virtualization has turn out to be a significant IT strategy for small and mid-sized business (SMEs) organizations. It not only offers the cost savings, but answers business continuity issues and allows IT managers to: †¢Manage and reduce the downtime caused due to the planed hardware maintenance that will reduce the down time resulting higher system availability. †¢Test, investigate and execute the disaster recovery plans. †¢Secure the data, as well as non-destructive backup and restore Processes †¢Check the stability and real-time workloads In these competitive demanding times, SME businesses organizations require to simplify the IT infrastructure and cut costs. However, with various storage, server and network requirements, and also sometimes might not have sufficient physical space to store and maintain systems, the company’s chances can be restricted by both less physical space and budget concerns. The virtualization can offer solutions for these kind issues and SMEs can significantly benefit not only from server consolidation, but also with affordable business continuity. What is virtualization for mid-sized businesses? In the Small business sector virtualization can be defined as a technology that permits application workloads to be maintained independent of host hardware. Several applications can share a sole, physical server. Workloads can be rotated from one host to another without any downtime. IT infrastructure can be managed as a pool of resources, rather than a collection of physical devices. It is assumed that the virtualization is just for large enterprises. But in fact it is not. It is a widely-established technology that decreases hardware requirements, increases use of hardware resources, modernizes management and diminish energy consumption. Economics of virtualization for the midmarket The research by VMWare. om (2009) shows that the SMEs invested on virtualization strategy has received their return of investment (ROI) in less than year. In certain cases, this can be less than seven months with the latest Intel Xeon 5500 series processors http://www-03. ibm. com/systems/resources/6412_Virtualization_Strategy_-_US_White_Paper_-_Apr_24-09. pdf [accessed on 04/09/09] The below image explains how the virtualization simplified a large utility company infrastructure with 1000 systems with racks and cables to a dramatically simpler form. Source : http://www-03. ibm. om/systems/resources/6412_Virtualization_Strategy_-_US_White_Paper_-_Apr_24-09. pdf [accessed on 04/09/09] Virtualization SME advantages 1. Virtualization and management suite presents a stretchable and low -cost development platform and an environment with high capability. 2. Virtualization provides the facility to rotate virtual machines that are live between physical hosts. This ability numerous advantages like business continuity, recovery in disaster, balancing of workload, and even energy-savings by permitting running applications to be exchanged between physical servers without disturbing the service. . Virtualization can help you take full advantage of the value of IT Pounds: †¢Business alertness in varying markets †¢A flexible IT infrastructure that can scale with business growth †¢ High level performance that can lever the majority of d emanding applications †¢ An industry-standard platform architecture with intellectual management tools †¢ Servers with enterprise attributes—regardless of their size or form factor 4. Virtualization can help you to advance IT services: †¢The provision to maintain the workloads rapidly by setting automatic maintenance process that can be configured to weeks, days or even to inutes. †¢Improve IT responsiveness to business needs †¢Down times can be eliminate by shifting the †¢To a great extent decrease, even eliminate unplanned downtime. †¢Reducing costs in technical support, training and mainte ¬nance. Conclusion: This is the right time for Small and mid-sized businesses like InfoTech Solutions to implement a virtualization strategy. Virtualization acts as a significant element of the IT strategy for businesses of all sizes, with a wide range of benefits and advantages for all sized businesses. It helps InfoTech Solutions to construct an IT infrastructure with enterprise-class facilities and with a with a form factor of Return Of Investment. It is expected that more than 80% of organizations will implement virtualization by the end of 2012. So SME organizations like InfoTech Solutions should seriously look in to their E-business strategy for considering the virtualization or they may be left behind the competitors. References 1. Adner, Ron (2002). When Are Technologies Disruptive? A Demand- Based View of the Emergence of Competition. Strategic Management Journal 23(8):667–88. . Anderson, P. and M. L. Tushman (1990). â€Å"Technological Discontinuities and Dominant Designs – a Cyclical Model of Technological-Change. † Administrative Science Quarterly 35(4): 604-633. 3. Barham, B. Dragovic, K. Fraser, S. Hand, T. Harris, A. Ho, R. Neugebauer, I. Pratt, and A. Warfield. Xen and the art of virtualization. In Proc. 19th SOSP, October 2003. 4. Chesbrough, Hen ry (1999a). Arrested Development: The Experience of European Hard-Disk-Drive Firms in Comparison with U. S. and Japanese Firms. Journal of Evolutionary Economics 9(3):287–329. 5. Chintan Vaishnav , (2008) Does Technology Disruption Always Mean Industry Disruption, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 6. Christensen, Clayton M. (2000). The Innovator’s Dilemma. When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press. 7. Christensen, C. M. (1992). â€Å"Exploring the limits of technology S-curve: Architecture Technologies. † Production and Operations Management 1(4). 8. Christensen, C. M. and R. S. Rosenbloom (1995). â€Å"Explaining the Attackers Advantage -Technological Paradigms, Organizational Dynamics, and the Value Network. † Research Policy 24(2): 233-257. . Christensen, C. M. , F. F. Suarez, et al. (1996). Strategies for survival in fast-changing industries. Cambridge, MA, International Center for Research on the Management 10. Christensen, C. M. (1992). â€Å"Exploring the limits of technology S-curve: Component Technologies. † Production and Operations Management 1(4). 11. Christensen, C. M. (1997). The innovator's dilemma : when new technologies cause great firms to fail. Boston, Mass. , Harvard Business School Press. 12. Christensen, C. M. and M. E. Raynor (2003). The innovator's solution : creating and sustaining successful growth. Boston, Mass. , Harvard Business School Press. 13. Cohan, Peter S. (2000). The Dilemma of the ‘‘Innovator’s Dilemma’’: Clayton Christensen’s Management Theories Are Suddenly All the Rage, but Are They Ripe for Disruption? Industry Standard, January 10, 2000. 14. Gartner Says; http://www. gartner. com/it/page. jsp? id=638207 [ accessed on 04/09/09] 15. Henderson, R. M. and K. B. Clark (1990). â€Å"Architectural Innovation – the Reconfiguration of Existing Product Technologies and the Failure of Established Firms. † Administrative Science Quarterly 35(1): 9-30. 16. MacMillan, Ian C. nd McGrath, Rita Gunther (2000). Technology Strategy in Lumpy Market Landscapes. In: Wharton on Managing Emerging Technologies. G. S. Day, P. J. H. Schoemaker, and R. E. Gunther (eds. ). New York: Wiley, 150–171. 17. Scherreik, Susan (2000). When a Guru Manages Money. Business Week, July 31, 2000. 18. L. Peterson, T. Anderson, D. Culler, and T. R oscoe, â€Å"A Blueprint for Introducing Disruptive Technology into the Internet,† in Proceedings of HotNets I, Princeton, NJ, October 2002. 19. â€Å"VirtualizationBasics. † VMWare. com. http://www. vmware. com/virtualization/ [Accessed on 04/09/09] Disruptive Technology One of the most consistent patterns in business is the failure of leading companies to stay at the top of their industries when technologies or markets change. Goodyear and Firestone entered the radial-tire market quite late. Xerox let Canon create the small-copier market. Bucyrus-Erie allowed Caterpillar and Deere to take over the mechanical excavator market. Sears gave way to Wal-Mart. The pattern of failure has been especially striking in the computer industry. IBM dominated the mainframe market but missed by years the emergence of minicomputers, which were technologically much simpler than mainframes. Digital Equipment dominated the minicomputer market with innovations like its VAX architecture but missed the personal-computer market almost completely. Apple Computer led the world of personal computing and established the standard for user-friendly computing but lagged five years behind the leaders in bringing its portable computer to market. Why is it that companies like these invest aggressively-and successfully-in the technologies necessary to retain their current customers but then fail to make certain other technological investments that customers of the future will demand? Undoubtedly, bureaucracy, arrogance, tired executive blood, poor planning, and short-term investment horizons have all played a role. But a more fundamental reason lies at the heart of the paradox: leading companies succumb to one of the most popular, and valuable, management dogmas. They stay close to their customers. Although most managers like to think they are in control, customers wield extraordinary power in directing a company's investments. Before managers decide to launch a technology, develop a product, build a plant, or establish new channels of distribution, they must look to their customers first: Do their customers want it? How big will the market be? Will the investment be profitable? The more astutely managers ask and answer these questions, the more completely their investments will be aligned with the needs of their Customers. This is the way a well-managed company should operate. Right? But what happens when customers reject a new technology, product concept, or way of doing business because it does not address their needs as effectively as a company's current approach? The large photocopying centers that represented the core f Xerox's customer base at first had no use for small, slow tabletop copiers. The excavation contractors that had relied on Bucyrus-Erie's big-bucket steam- and diesel-powered cable shovels didn't want hydraulic excavators because, initially they were small and weak. IBM's large commercial, government, and industrial customers saw no immediate use for minicomputers. In each instance, companies listened to their customers, gave them the product performance they were looking for , and, in the end, were hurt by the very technologies their customers led them to ignore. We have seen this pattern repeatedly in an ongoing study of leading companies in a variety of industries that have confronted technological change. The research shows that most well-managed, established companies are consistently ahead of their industries in developing and commercializing new technologies- from incremental improvements to radically new approaches- as long as those technologies address the next-generation performance needs of their customers. However, these same companies are rarely in the forefront of commercializing new technologies that don't initially meet the needs of mainstream customers and appeal only to small or emerging markets. Using the rational, analytical investment processes that most well-managed companies have developed, it is nearly impossible to build a cogent case for diverting resources from known customer needs in established markets to markets and customers that seem insignificant or do not yet exist. After all, meeting the needs of established customers and fending off competitors takes all the resources a company has, and then some. In well-managed companies, the processes used to identify customers' needs, forecast technological trends, assess profitability, allocate resources across competing proposals for investment, and take new products to market are focused-for all the right reasons-on current customers and markets. These processes are designed to weed out proposed products and technologies that do not address customers' needs. In fact, the processes and incentives that companies use to keep focused on their main customers work so well that they blind those companies to important new technologies in emerging markets. Many companies have learned the hard way the perils of ignoring new technologies that do not initially meet the needs of mainstream customers. For example, although personal computers did not meet the requirements of mainstream minicomputer users in the early 1980s, the computing power of the desktop machines mproved at a much faster rate than minicomputer users' demands for computing power did. As a result, personal computers caught up with the computing needs of many of the customers of Wang, Prime, Nixdorf, Data General, and Digital Equipment. Today they are performance-competitive with minicomputers in many applications. For the minicomputer makers, keeping close to mainstream customers and ignoring what were initially low-performance desktop technologies used by seemingly insignificant cus tomers in emerging markets was a rational decision-but one that proved disastrous. The technological changes that damage established companies are usually not radically new or difficult from a technological point of view. They do, however, have two important characteristics: First, they typically present a different package of performance attributes- ones that, at least at me outset, are not valued by existing customers. Second, the performance attributes that existing customers do value improve at such a rapid rate that the new technology can later invade those established markets. Only at this point will mainstream customers want the technology. Unfortunately for the established suppliers, by then it is often too late: the pioneers of the new technology dominate the market. It follows, then, that senior executives must first be able to spot the technologies that seem to fall into this category. Next, to commercialize and develop the new technologies, managers must protect them from the processes and incentives that are geared to serving established customers. And the only way to protect them is to create organizations that are completely independent from the mainstream business. No industry of staying too close to customers more dramatically than the hard-disk-drive industry. Between 1976 and 1992, disk-drive performance improved at a stunning rate: the physical size of a 100-megabyte (MB) system shrank from 5,400 to 8 cubic inches, and the cost per MB fell from $560 to $5. Technological change, of course, drove these breathtaking achievements. About half of the improvement came from a host of radical advances that were critical to continued improvements in disk-drive performance; the other half came from incremental advances. The pattern in the disk-drive industry has been repeated in mar/y other industries: the leading, established companies have consistently led the industry in developing and adopting new technologies that their customers demanded- even when those technologies required completely different technological competencies and manufacturing capabilities from the ones the companies had. In spite of this aggressive technological posture, no single disk-drive manufacturer has been able to dominate the industry for more than a few years. A series of companies have entered the business and risen to prominence, only to be toppled by newcomers who pursued technologies that at first did not meet the needs of mainstream customers. As a result, not one of the independent disk-drive companies that existed in 1976 survives today. To explain the differences in the impact of certain kinds of technological innovations on a given industry, the concept of performance trajectories – the rate at which the performance of a product has improved, and is expected to improve, over time – can be helpful. Almost every industry has a critical performance trajectory. In mechanical excavators, the critical trajectory is the annual improvement in cubic yards of earth moved per minute. In photocopiers, an important performance trajectory is improvement in number of copies per minute. In disk drives, one crucial measure of performance is storage capacity, which has advanced 50% each year on average for a given size of drive. Different types of technological innovations affect performance trajectories in different ways. On the one hand, sustaining technologies tend to maintain a rate of improvement; that is, they give customers something more or better in the attributes they already value. For example, thin-film components in disk drives, which replaced conventional ferrite heads and oxide disks between 1982 and 1990, enabled information to be recorded more densely on disks. Engineers had been pushing the limits of the' performance they could wring from ferrite heads and oxide disks, but the drives employing these technologies seemed to have reached the natural limits of an S curve. At that point, new thin-film technologies emerged that restored- or sustained-the historical trajectory of performance improvement. On the other hand, disruptive technologies introduce a very different package of attributes from the one mainstream customers historically value, and they often perform far worse along one or two dimensions that are particularly important to those customers. As a rule, mainstream customers are unwilling to use a disruptive product in applications they know and understand. At first, then, disruptive technologies tend to be used and valued only in new markets or new applications; in fact, they generally make possible the emergence of new markets. For example, Sony's early transistor adios sacrificed sound fidelity but created a market for portable radios by offering a new and different package of attributes- small size, light weight, and portability. In the history of the hard-disk-drive industry, the leaders stumbled at each point of disruptive technological change: when the diameter of disk drives shrank from the original 14 inches to 8 inches, then to 5. 25 inches, and finally to 3. 5 inches. Each of these new architectures, initially offered the market substantially less storage capacity than the typical user in the established market required. For example, the 8-inch drive offered 20 MB when it was introduced, while the primary market for disk drives at that time-mainframes-required 200 MB on average. Not surprisingly, the leading computer manufacturers rejected the 8-inch architecture at first. As a result, their suppliers, whose mainstream products consisted of 14-inch drives with more than 200 MB of capacity, did not pursue the disruptive products aggressively. The pattern was repeated when the 5. 25-inch and 3. 5-inch drives emerged: established computer makers rejected the drives as inadequate, and, in turn, their disk-drive suppliers ignored them as well. But while they offered less storage capacity, the disruptive architectures created other important attributes- internal power supplies and smaller size (8-inch drives); still smaller size and low-cost stepper motors (5. 25-inch drives); and ruggedness, light weight, and low-power consumption (3. 5-inch drives). From the late 1970s to the mid-1980s, the availability of the three drives made possible the development of new markets for minicomputers, desktop PCs, and portable computers, respectively. Although the smaller drives represented disruptive technological change, each was technologically straightforward. In fact, there were engineers at many leading companies who championed the new technologies and built working prototypes with bootlegged resources before management gave a formal go-ahead. Still, the leading companies could not move the products through their organizations and into the market in a timely way. Each time a disruptive technology emerged, between one-half and two-thirds of the established manufacturers failed to introduce models employing the new architecture-in stark contrast to their timely launches of critical sustaining technologies. Those companies that finally did launch new models typically lagged behind entrant companies by two years-eons in an industry whose products' life cycles are often two y. ears. Three waves of entrant companies led these revolutions; they first captured the new markets and then dethroned the leading companies in the mainstream markets. How could technologies that were initially inferior and useful only to new markets eventually threaten leading companies in established markets? Once the disruptive architectures became established in their new markets, sustaining innovations raised each architecture's performance along steep trajectories- so steep that the performance available from each architecture soon satisfied the needs of customers in the established markets. For example, the 5. 25-inch drive, whose initial 5 MB of capacity in 1980 was only a fraction of the capacity that the minicomputer market needed, became fully performance-competitive in the minicomputer market by 1986 and in the mainframe market by 1991. (See the graph â€Å"How Disk-Drive Performance Met Market Needs. ) A company's revenue and cost structures play a critical role in the way it evaluates proposed technological innovations. Generally, disruptive technologies look financially unattractive to established companies. The potential revenues from the discernible markets are small, and it is often difficult to project how big the markets for the technology will be over the long term. As a result, managers typically conclude that the technology cannot make a meaningful contribution to corporate growth and, therefore, that it is not worth the management effort required to develop it. In addition, established companies have often installed higher cost structures to serve sustaining technologies than those required by disruptive technologies. As a result, managers typically see themselves as having two choices when deciding whether to pursue disruptive technologies. One is to go downmarket and accept the lower profit margins of the emerging markets that the disruptive technologies will initially serve. The other is to go upmarket with sustaining technologies and enter market segments whose profit margins are alluringly high. For example, the margins of IBM's mainframes are still higher than those of PCs). Any rational resource-allocation process in companies serving established markets will choose going upmarket rather than going down. Managers of companies that have championed disruptive technologies in emerging markets look at the world quite differently. Without the high cost structures of their established counterparts, these companies find the emerging markets appealing. Once the companies have secured a foothold in the markets and mproved the performance of their technologies, the established markets above them, served by high-cost suppliers, look appetizing. When they do attack, the entrant companies find the established players to be easy and unprepared opponents because the opponents have been looking upmarket themselves, discounting the threat from below. It is tempting to stop at this point and conclude that a valuable lesson has been learned: managers can avoid missing the next wave by paying careful attention to potentially disruptive technologies that do not meet current customers' needs. But recognizing the pattern and figuring out how to break it are two different things. Although entrants invaded established markets with new technologies three times in succession, none of the established leaders in the disk-drive industry seemed to learn from the experiences of those that fell before them. Management myopia or lack of foresight cannot explain these failures. The problem is that managers keep doing what has worked in the past: serving the rapidly growing needs of their current customers. The processes that successful, well-managed companies have developed to allocate resources among proposed investments are incapable of funneling resources into programs that current customers explicitly don't want and whose profit margins seem unattractive. Managing the development of new technology is tightly linked to a company's investment processes. Most strategic proposals-to add capacity or to develop new products or processes- take shape at the lower levels of organizations in engineering groups or project teams. Companies then use analytical planning and budgeting systems to select from among the candidates competing for funds. Proposals to create new businesses in emerging markets are particularly challenging to assess because they depend on notoriously unreliable estimates of market size. Because managers are evaluated on their ability to place the right bets, it is not surprising that in well-managed companies, mid- and top-level managers back projects in which the market seems assured. By staying close to lead customers, as they have been trained to do, managers focus resources on fulfilling the requirements of those reliable customers that can be served profitably. Risk is reduced-and careers are safeguarded-by giving known customers what they want. Seagate Technology's experience illustrates the consequences of relying on such resource-allocation processes to evaluate disruptive technologies. By almost any measure, Seagate, based in Scotts Valley, California, was one of the most successful and aggressively' managed companies in the history of the microelectronics industry: from its inception in 1980, Seagate's revenues had grown to more than $700 million by 1986. It had pioneered 5. 5-inch hard-disk drives and was the main supplier of them to IBM and IBM-compatible personal-computer manufacturers. The company was the leading manufacturer of 5. 25-inch drives at the time the disruptive 3. 5-inch drives emerged in the mid-1980s. Engineers at Seagate were the second in the industry to develop working prototypes of 3. 5-inch drives. By early 1985, they had made more than 80 such models with a low level of company funding. The engineers forwarded the new models to key marketing executives, and the trade press reported that Seagate was actively developing 3. -inch drives. But Seagate's principal customers- IBM and other manufacturers of AT-class personal computers- showed no interest in the new drives. They wanted to incorporate 40-MB and 60-MB drives in their next-generation models, and Seagate's early 3. 5-inch prototypes packed only 10 MB. In response, Seagate's marketing executives lowered their sales forecasts for the new ‘disk drives. Manufacturing and financial executives at the company pointed out another drawback to the 3. 5-inch drives. According to their analysis, the new drives would never be competitive with the 5. 5-inch architecture on a cost-per-megabyte basis-an important metric that Seagate's customers used to evaluate disk drives. Given Seagate's cost structure, margins on the higher-capacity 5. 25-inch models therefore promised to be much higher than those on the smaller products. Senior managers quite rationally decided that the 3. 5-inch drive would not provide the sales volume and profit margins that Seagate needed from a new product. A ‘former Seagate marketing executive recalled, â€Å"We needed a new model that could become the next ST412 [a 5. 5-inch drive generating more than $300 million in annual sales, which was nearing the end of its life cycle]. At the time, the entire market for 3. 5-inch drives was less than $50 million. The 3. 5-inch drive just didn't fit the bill- for sales or profits. † The shelving of the 3. 5-inch drive was not a signal that Seagate was complacent about innovation. Seagate subsequently introduced new models of 5. 25-inch drives at an accelerated rate and, in so doing, introduced an impressive array of sustaining technological improvements, even though introducing them rendered a significant portion of its manufacturing capacity obsolete.

The Importance Of The Progressive Era - 1310 Words

The Progressive era was a time in America’s history when people started to call for the government’s help to face the problems industrialization brought. This era was extremely important because it helped the people achieve better conditions and helped the government to make better use of its powers. One of the most potent groups of progressivists were muckrakers; they used journalism to bring forward problems and injustices in society and the work industry (McKeown). The Triangle Shirtwaist Fire was one of the most devastating industrial tragedies from the early nineteen-hundreds (McKeown). Over a hundred women died because they were unable to escape the building because of its locked doors and improper conditions (McKeown). Most of the†¦show more content†¦Frank Norris was able to educate the public on the corruption which soon enough led to the establishment of the Hepburn Act by President Theodore Roosevelt (McKeown). The Hepburn Act basically stated that t here was no longer going to be any free passes or fluctuating rates, railroads would now have to hand over their books and could be condemned by the government if it was found that they were violating the act (McKeown). Frank Norris’ The Octopus was successful in bringing light and eventually reform to the railroad systems, creating a fairer system. Another muckraker whose work led to progressive political reform was Jacob Riis. He authored How the Other Half Lives (1890), which exposed the issues of poverty and tenement houses in New York during the late 1800’s. In his introduction, Riis writes, â€Å"the half that is on top cares little for the struggles, and less for the fate of those who are underneath so long as it is able to hold them there and keep its own seat† (p. 2). In this quote Riis explains how the rich do not care for the poor and that the upper class just continue to feed off the lower class instead of helping them. One of the main reasons the te nement houses became as bad as they did was because of the rich’s greed. Owners would charge tenants high prices but not provide satisfactory conditions. The tenants complained thatShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Progressive Era: Conflicting Viewpoints1651 Words   |  7 PagesThe Progressive Era: Conflicting Viewpoints Works Cited Missing Two people witnessing the same event can have very different views on it depending on their information and perspective. The presentation of history also changes depending on the resources and prior prejudices and personal views of the historian. Four historian’s interpretations on the Progressive Era and Progressivism were reviewed to determine whether their arguments and use of evidence were sound. Also, the particular knownRead MoreUnited States Constitution and Progressive Movement775 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿What, in your opinion, were the key principles of the Progressive Movement? In your opinion, what were Progressivism’s most significant successes and failings? Can the First World War be regarded as a particularly Progressive conflict, or did it derail the Progressive Movement—or are both of these statements true? What, in your opinion, were the key principles of the Progressive Movement? Characteristics of the Progressive Era include refining of the government, rebuilding, a concentrationRead MoreModernization Of Morality And Manners945 Words   |  4 Pages Historians tend to attribute the modernization of morality and manners to the decade between the Progressive Era and the New Deal. The short span of time between the Progressive Era and the New Deal saw the abandonment of Victorian Era moral guidelines, coupled with a new emphasis on the individuality of women. Flappers, young free-spirited girls embracing their newfound social freedom, embodied this period of rapid change. Promiscuity flourished, female clothes covered less, and the roles of womenRead MoreThe Progressive Era Of The Gilded Age1455 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout the progressive era there were many reform movements due to the abundance of political, social, and economical corruption in America in the gilded age as seen by political machines like William Marcy tweed and American financiers l ike J.P. Morgan. Some of the many issues that made themselves present in the gilded age include the large wealth gap, child labor, women’s lack of rights, influx of immigrants, Urbanization, Indian wars, monopolists, political machines, and alcoholism. All ofRead MoreEssay on The Progressive Era873 Words   |  4 PagesThe Progressive Era The turn of the century was marked by a movement known as the Progressive Era, during which many groups sought to reshape the nations government and society in response to the pressure of urbanization and industrialization. Progressives were mainly members of the Post-Civil War generation that made an attempt to master a world much different then that of their parents. With the rise of big business and industrialization came several problems associated with the economicRead MoreProgressive Reformers Essay example625 Words   |  3 Pages10/08/12 Progressive Reformers The Progressive movement has had a tremendous impact on society and preserving the doctrine of a democratic nation. The Progressive Era, which initiated between the years 1890 through 1920, was instituted because progressives who wanted to rid politics of corruption and inefficiency. Progressives wanted to curtail the power of the business trusts, and protect the general welfare of the public. The Progressive name derived from forward-thinking or progressive goalsRead MoreThe Deadly Politics Of Industrial Pollution1604 Words   |  7 Pageslead using the mascot of the Dutch Boy Painter and slogans, such as â€Å"ethyl is to gasoline what vitamins are to food.† However, by the 1970’s with the introduction of safer elements and the decrease in public support, the lead industry lost its importance in the world. The second section of the book focused on the chemical industry, specifically vinyl chloride, where it was explained there was little known about the effects of chemicals. Because of this, there was the question of whether â€Å"a productRead MoreThe Conflict Of The American Civil Rights Movement Essay1309 Words   |  6 Pagesideology, showing us where he got his ideas from. In some regards, it mirrors what some historians have thought of him: a complicated intellectual. In Moses’s view, DuBois is more complicated than other leading Black figures. He notes that DuBois is a Progressive but even some of his ideas are different such as his â€Å"double consciousness†. Like Lewis, Moses invokes the religious connections in DuBois’s message to the people. He writes, â€Å"DuBois progressivism†¦ was a secularized social gospel with roots in†¦Read MoreProgressivism And Social Criticism In The Progressive Era893 Words   |  4 Pages The Progressive Era The Progressive Era was an influential period in history, as it protected social welfare, created an economic reform, and overall, promoted moral improvement. Progressivism has propelled people into the modern world, in which people are treated equally and the business relations do not interrupt the political decisions, or the government. Most importantly, if the concept of progressivism did not exist, our business industry would not have thrived, labor conditions would notRead MoreAmoretti Xxx : My Love Is Like To Ice, And I To Fire By Edmund Spenser1598 Words   |  7 Pageshave provided varying opinions and interpretations regarding the motif of love. In the Elizabethan Era, poets idealized love and ignored all potential hardships. In the Victorian Era, the concept of problematic relationships had gained popularity, but poets maintained the idea of making the best of one’s circumstances and remaining complacent. The poems of the Modern Era became increasingly progressive , highlighting the problematic aspects of romantic relationships. Over the centuries, love in poetry

African American Women and Culture Surrounding Perinatal...

African American Women While child birth should be a time in a women life that is full of joy many soon to be mothers or new mother can experience not so happy emotions that take the joy out of motherhood which usually to leads to a depression. Depression during the perinatal period can be dangerous for the mother and her child. Many have said that perinatal depression is huge among many low income African American women because of their attitudes about being label they don’t seek treatment for this illness. If we can change the thinking of pregnant African American women about depression they will seek the help that they need. In order for any problem to be solve first a person or persons have to know the root of the cause. According to†¦show more content†¦Levels of depression were similar between the African American and Hispanic women†. Different researchers are trying to come up with different alternatives for the battle of depression in African American pregnant women. Kenyon,Hemming, Ingram, Dann, and MacArthur (2012) also conducting a research. They use a randomized controlled trail their research consensus of try to provide evidence that if support are offer to women that may have any social risk factors such as depression their attitudes about seeking out for help will improve. In this study the women were African American women that come from disadvantaged background. This is a research where the researchers are trying to find out how African American women think about perinatal depression prevention in comparison with African American women and white women. The researchers are also trying to figure out African American women are less likely to seek treatment for perinatal depression or to utilize any prevention methods. The researcher hypothesis is that if these women were giving information and different options to care they would seek treatment for preinatal depression either pharmacological or psychotherapy. In this study the researchers target low income African American women. The way that they participates were selected was by the clinic that they received theirShow MoreRelatedMaagang Pagbubuntis Ng Mga Kabataan9395 Words   |  38 Pagesthe previous reading suggests recent infection o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Vaccine can’t be given during pregnancy because It is a live vaccine o  Ã‚  Ã‚  If vaccine is given woman is advised not to get pregnant for 3 months o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Current concern is reinfection o  Ã‚  Ã‚  Newborn born by women w/ rubella are capable of transmitting the virus, therefore isolate    3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CYTOMEGALOVIRUS o  Ã‚  Ã‚  A member of the herpes virus family o  Ã‚  Ã‚  w/ few maternal symptoms o  Ã‚  Ã‚  droplet infection o  Ã‚  Ã‚  may become latent and then reactivate periodically ï‚ §Ã¯â€š  Ã¯â€š  recurrence

Feminism Through The Ages Throughout History - 1214 Words

Elisa DiOrio English III AP; Per. 1 Mr. Raftery 22 March, 2016 Feminism Through the Ages Throughout history women’s role in society has continuously changed and prospered, and is continuing to alter as time goes on. A role in society more often than not develops to become better or satisfies the people to which it affects. There has not been a time without the need for women and there will never be such a time, for the human race as we know it should in fact go extinct. With such an important role in the reproduction of humans, women were not always held to the standard importance that they possess, and only until recently have they been molded into a role of higher significance. Adrienne Rich’s â€Å"From an Old House in America† is an enlightening poem that depicts women’s roles throughout society from being merely just an object of reproduction to an equivalent specimen as man. Rich describes the development and purpose of women throughout history through the present moment in the old house, the evocations of Richà ¢â‚¬â„¢s personal past, the past of other women who lived in the house prior, and the history of American women. Moreover, Rich begins to look over the physical remnants of those before her, seeing the difficult conditions they were forced to live in. There was short growing seasons and cold hard times in the fields and surrounding land. She began to envision herself living the lives of those who had lived there in the past (Sickels 15-17). As Rich moved through the houseShow MoreRelatedFeminism : Social And Economic Context1086 Words   |  5 PagesThrough many different cultures, women have not been the center of attention. They have always been in the back and it was unknown for them to be in charge or have a status as an important person. I’m going to discuss the struggles and different views through many cultures and the problems that are included with feminism. Cultural feminism was developed from a different type of feminism called radical feminism. Radical feminism is known as the perspective where the male supremacy is not includedRead MoreWhat Is The Importance Of Feminism Essay1265 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism is Equality for All Since the beginning of time, man has ruled our world. It is the man who created fire and lead his people through the dark. It is the man who created the largest ancient Ottoman Empire in which he controlled all provinces, and inhabitants. It is man who made laws restricting the woman from power since the beginning of time. Women have struggled with inequality in this male dominated world since man first roamed this earth. Even though women are gaining equality by enteringRead MoreFeminism Throughout History1698 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism Throughout history, women around the globe have been struggling to gain rights that are equal to men in the society. Women have been struggling to obtain respect, equality, and the same rights men have in the society. However, this has been difficult to them because of patriarchy, an ideology whereby, men are always considered to be superior to women, and have the right to control women. This thought has spread widely among the social structures of the society around the globe and thisRead MoreA Nutshell Solitary Word Is A Basic Human Right1430 Words   |  6 PagesFeminism in a nutshell solitary word is: equality- a basic human right that has been the basis of every social movement throughout history and history to come. In one way or another, every ethnicity, race, and gender has been oppressed in some form. All of the â€Å"-isms† have fought to shed light and bring about change to these â€Å"lesser† groups. Feminists are no exception. Feminism has many branches: radical feminism, cultural feminism, liberal feminism, anti-porn feminism, pro-sex feminism, third-waveRead MoreThe Sexualisation And Popularization Of Feminism Within The 21st Century1296 Words   |  6 Pages The sexualisation and popularization of Feminism within the 21ST century Introduction Feminism as an idea has been actively intersected and integrated within the western mainstream pop culture progressively since the beginning of the 21st century. Some of the largest players in the current mainstream music scene not only identify as feminist but also encourage their millions of fans to do the same. While this could potentially be a positive influence on a movement that has struggled to gain largerRead MoreFeminism Of Different Cultures : Women Without Liberation Essay1622 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism in Different Cultures: Women without Liberation Living in America, women’s rights are known as a sort of liberated revolution, whereas in other countries across the globe, the simplistic idea of self-importance in women is non-existent. For generations, harmful cultural practices have challenged feminist activists to conjure up a plan of action in the aid to help those women suffering in these countries. â€Å"In feminist legal studies, culture is often viewed as a deviation from the path ofRead MoreThe Effects Of Writing On Feminist Theory1375 Words   |  6 Pages The Effects of Writing on Feminist Theory Throughout known history, societies that have developed across the globe have favored men. Men were permitted to be lawyers, doctors, voters, and land-owners; however, one of the most influential, yet underpaid occupations for an individual is the writer. Men have served for centuries as the mouthpiece for truth regarding all things, until early feminists pushed for girls to receive education including key success skills such as readingRead MoreThe And Their Many Variations Essay1124 Words   |  5 PagesFeminisms and their many variations, have a bit of duplicity about them. Critiques of white feminists, straight feminists, and many other identities, create never ending us vs them conversations, leading many to view feminism as a dirty word that just pits people against each other; instead of working towards change. Yet, many of the activities performed by feminist groups, whether self-proclaimed as such or not, are going to be key in moving forward into the future. Feminisms tha t focus on the intersectionalityRead MoreFeminism And Criminology871 Words   |  4 Pagescan prove problematic for feminism. In addition to the labelling of domestic violence, whilst uncovering a variety of key theorists and perspectives. Feminism is crucial to the study of criminology as it takes away traditional explanations of crime and uncovers an entirely different perspective of crime and criminal behaviour. Feminist Criminology contains many different extensions Liberal, Radical, Marxist, Socialist etc.. This essay will focus fairly broadly on feminism as a whole in order to getRead MoreFeminism : The Black Ceiling, Sexual Violence And Domestic Violence1571 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism has been around for centuries. The idea of feminism is always changing. Negative stereotypes seemed to have discredited what it really means to be a feminist. With many problems facing women for the past two centuries, we are starting to make huge strides. The most common problems women and feminists are facing in the United States today are, what being a feminist really means, the gender pay gap, the glass ceiling, sexual violence and domestic violence â€Å"Feminism is the belief in the social

Nature And Animals in their Poetry Essay Example For Students

Nature And Animals in their Poetry Essay Ted Hughes and John Keats are two different poets with similar ideas for their poetry. They both write about nature and animals in their poetry but each have different views on nature and animals. Ted Hughes writes about nature as a dominant force but John Keats has more peaceful views on nature. In this piece of coursework I will compare and contrast the poems done by Ted Hughes, which are The Wind, October Dawn, Hawk Roosting and The Jaguar, with the poems written by John Keats, which are Ode to a Nightingale and To Autumn. Each poet uses a selection of Alliteration, Assonance, Caesura, Similes, Metaphors, Oxymoron, Onomatopoeia, Enjambment and Personification to get their views across about nature and animals. Ted Hughes writes about nature as a very powerful and dominant force. To do this he portrayed it through the elements, and animals. In The Wind he gives the poem a sense of the beauty of the wind. The hills had new places, and wind wielded Blade-light, luminous black and emerald And it also gives a very strong sense of violence of wind and the elements. Through the wind that dented the balls of my eyes. The wind flung a magpie away and a black- Back gull bent like an iron bar slowly. The brunt wind describing the wind as powerful and merciless. The metaphor that dented the balls of my eyes is describing the wind as so strong you could feel your eyes being pushed by the might of the wind. Also the simile a black-back gull bent like a n iron bar slowly is describing the wind being strong enough to blow the birds off course. In October dawn he yet again gives the elements a sense of beauty. First a skin, delicately here Restraining a ripple from the air; And it also gives a sense of power and dominance to the element involved in this poem, Ice. While a fist of cold Squeezes the fire at the core of the world This last quotation from October Dawn is saying that the cold has power enough to freezes the fire at the centre of the earth. October, written by Ted Hughes, is a different view of autumn to John Keats. While Ted Hughes portrays a cold and icy view of autumn. While a fist of cold Squeezes the fire at the core of the world Ted Hughes makes autumn be the beginning of winter. John Keats, however, gives a warm and happy feeling of autumn, as if it is the end of summer. For summer has oer-brimmed their clammy Cells. John Keats gives nature a more tranquil and peaceful view of nature. Dance, and Provencal song, and sunburnt mirth! (Ode to a Nightingale) With a sweet kernel; to set budding more, And still more, later flowers for the bees. (To Autumn) But Ted Hughes gives the impression that nature is very powerful and renders man helpless. In chairs, in front of the great fire, we grip Our hearts and cannot entertain book, thought Or each other (Wind) Man is feeble, frightened and trapped, while the wind is strong, dominant, and powerful. Man is at the mercy of the wind and the elements and nature. John Keats writes about how nature works to the benefit of mankind. Conspiring with him how to load and bless With fruit the vines that round the thatch-eves run: To bend with apples the mossed cottage-trees, (To Autumn) The sun conspires with autumn to produce the fruit, which supplies man with food and drink. In Hawk Roosting, Ted Hughes makes nature out to be selfish and that it has no care for anyone or anything but itself. .ua0689a2105a03419f2dd3e52f8eef7d7 , .ua0689a2105a03419f2dd3e52f8eef7d7 .postImageUrl , .ua0689a2105a03419f2dd3e52f8eef7d7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua0689a2105a03419f2dd3e52f8eef7d7 , .ua0689a2105a03419f2dd3e52f8eef7d7:hover , .ua0689a2105a03419f2dd3e52f8eef7d7:visited , .ua0689a2105a03419f2dd3e52f8eef7d7:active { border:0!important; } .ua0689a2105a03419f2dd3e52f8eef7d7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua0689a2105a03419f2dd3e52f8eef7d7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua0689a2105a03419f2dd3e52f8eef7d7:active , .ua0689a2105a03419f2dd3e52f8eef7d7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua0689a2105a03419f2dd3e52f8eef7d7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua0689a2105a03419f2dd3e52f8eef7d7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua0689a2105a03419f2dd3e52f8eef7d7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua0689a2105a03419f2dd3e52f8eef7d7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua0689a2105a03419f2dd3e52f8eef7d7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua0689a2105a03419f2dd3e52f8eef7d7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua0689a2105a03419f2dd3e52f8eef7d7 .ua0689a2105a03419f2dd3e52f8eef7d7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua0689a2105a03419f2dd3e52f8eef7d7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Mimicry In Nature EssayThe convenience of the high trees! The airs buoyancy and the suns ray Are of advantage to me: And the earths face upward for my inspection. Both poets make good use of alliteration, assonance, caesura, similes, metaphors, oxymoron, onomatopoeia and enjambment. In Wind, Ted Hughes uses much enjambment to add more dramatic effect. Floundering black astride and blinding wet Till day rose; Our hearts and cannot entertain book, thought, Or each other. In the first one it is as if wind has carried on through the verse onto the next. Ted Hughes also uses powerful metaphors, similes and personification. Winds stampeding the fields (Wind) Ice Has got its spearhead into place. (October Dawn) John Keats, however, uses a wide selection of everything, but does not use as much personification as Ted Hughes. I conclude that Ted Hughes has a quite different writing style to John Keats. Ted Hughes gives the impression of nature being a juggernaut that none can stand in its way and very powerful and often violent, where as John Keats offers the other personality of nature and how peaceful and gentle it can be.

Marketing Research Design and Data collection methods

In the peer reviewed article written by Andy Barker, Clive Nancarrow, and Jason Vir called â€Å"Ritzer’s McDonaldization and applied qualitative marketing research†, the researchers examine the benefits gained from applying Ritzer’s thesis of McDonaldization to international qualitative marketing research; the reports follows the frameworks and requirements of an academic research work.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Research Design and Data collection methods specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When discussing the topic the researchers limited their discussion and area of study to efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control; they observed that the three areas are the main policies that McDonald has implemented to remain competitive in the world market. To develop the report, the researchers collected wide range of data, then interpolated it, and analyzed it for the report . In research development, research design and data collection plays crucial parts in collecting and shaping the research (Andy ,Nancarrow , and Vir 2005). This paper analysis the research design and data collection method as was adopted by Andy Barker, Clive Nancarrow, and Jason Vir in the article â€Å"Ritzer’s McDonaldization and applied qualitative marketing research†. Research design Andy Barker, Clive Nancarrow, and Jason Vir used onion research design approach; the main reason why the researchers opted to use the method is its systematic way of collecting data. The method is systematical where the researcher has the task of building his report from one segment to another, but moves after the earlier stage has been wholly been exhausted and results tested to be in consistence with the intended outcomes of the research. Just like an onion, the onion research design method has various layers that a researcher has to undergo through before making inferences and pres enting them in a certain manner; generally the method has five stages or layers. When using onion research design the research can be interpolated in layers like the case of an onion; the initial layer is where the researcher discusses the research question as well as the research philosophy adopted; the next layer which in this case can be referred as the second layer looks into the real situation or the main subject of the research.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With the full understanding of the research question and the subject matter of the case, Andy Barker, Clive Nancarrow, and Jason Vir then moved to the next higher layer; the third layer which is the research strategy. The forth layer concentrated on the time frames that the researchers has to give an account of the research; when analyzing issues in the research, the writers has to move with speed and consider th ings of different parameters. According to the Onion method if research design, the fifth layer gives an account of the research methods adopted, in the case of Andy Barker, Clive Nancarrow, and Jason Vir the methods adopted were both primary and secondary data collection methods (Balnaves and Caputi, 2002) When the writers were considering the case of McDonald, they were interested in analyzing the main strengths that the company has that has made it be able to retain a leadership role in the hospitality industry; with this the researchers were able to develop the background information that they were to analyze. With the understanding of operations of the company, the research took a deductive reasoning approach supported by facts as collected from the field. Deductive reasoning is a research approach method where Andy Barker, Clive Nancarrow, and Jason Vir used a gradual but steady way of collecting information; when using the approach the researchers developed the idea from an k nown angle to a point that needed to be learnt or researched; in this case, the researcher will come from the known point that McDonald has some managing philosophies that have assisted it move to the high ladder of operation; the researchers established the strategies as efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control and seek to establish the lessons that have been learnt from the operations as well as how they can be applied internationally (Burns, 2000). As much as the researchers where interested with McDonaldization, they ensured that the operations of the company has been fully understood and chances that McDonald has some special attributes that has made it be able to use the system was undertook.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Research Design and Data collection methods specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The research design assisted the researchers write a report that can be accepted int ernationally and applicable in different part of the world despite the business systems and structures operating. When using the qualitative method of data collected is more emphasized than the quantity of the data. It is interpretative and descriptive method of data collection. The issue of McDonaldization and its applicability to international marketing as Andy Barker, Clive Nancarrow, and Jason Vir intended to come out is that it has elements of qualitative study; it involved collection of management data then analyzing it to come up with the report. Qualitative research method is adopted in management and social sciences researches as it address the issue wholly and ensure that challenging matters or emerging issues has been addressed effectively. The method is also superior in the sense that it does not focus on the plain facts on the ground but also considers what in-depth matters that might be affecting what can be seen from outside (O’Donnell and David, 2000) The onio n research design assists a researcher to collect rich information about the situation at hand and gather detailed information. In this research, the writers used a combination of research data collection methods to come up with rich data on the area, they used interviews, observations, electronic interviews, focus groups, case studies and wide range of literature review; other than looking at the situation, the method offers room to give effective recommendations management of different companies on the best ways they can use McDonaldization (Creswell, 1998).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to the research the writers not only considered the effect that aspects like culture has on people and their choice of products but also seek to understand how businesses made efforts to attract the attention of customers. McDonald was seen as the company that has benefit from the system and seems to have mastered the art of managing the business with people psychology on their minds. The strength of the process is on psychological part where the right approaches to buy the strategy and use it in international marketing was borrowed. Marketing involves persuading people to buy a certain companies products; with this notion and understanding any effort that strengthens relationship of customer and the selling company is always welcomed for business sake. The research design adopted by the research focused on four main subtopic in the main topic, efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control, although the four are interrelated and move together, the researcher was a ble to cover then with some levels of independence when collecting information. Such moves assisted in offering high quality report and adding value to the known literature on McDonaldization and international marketing. Data collection methods To come up with the article, the researchers have to collected wide range of data then interpolate, analyze, and report the data in an acceptable manner. When doing the research on McDonaldization, Andy Barker, Clive Nancarrow, and Jason Vir combined the strengths of both primary and secondary data collection methods. Each method was handled on its own however moves were made after an in-depth understanding of the situation on the ground was understood. Focus groups Focus groups are teams made by a research to discuss about the research questions that the researcher want to handle; the people to a focus group should well understand the situation on the ground regarding the management topic at hand. Under this framework, the researchers held a workshop with global research practitioners consisting of six professionals in management where with some well framed questionnaires they were triggered to discuss various issues that touched on the research variables (Stefanou, 1999). When using focus group as the method of collecting data, the researchers ensured they created an atmosphere that enhanced the participants to offer their views, understanding and points of views in the area. In so doing Andy Barker, Clive Nancarrow, and Jason Vir had to choose a team leader who was intelligent and one who could manage the participants effectively (Patton, 2002). Use of interviews Andy Barker, Clive Nancarrow, and Jason Vir in the research used two senior practitioners as the interviewee to offer in-depth information about the topic and how they felt McDonaldization can be of benefit to other sectors of life. The selection and the choice of the interviewee can be seen as a strategic move by the researchers as they choose those people they were aware or thought they had quality information and knowledge about the research topic; the approach assisted them get high quality data (Bernard, 2006). Other than the oral and face to face interviews, the researchers went a step higher and conducted online interviews â€Å"e-interviews with senior researchers in global markets, notably Europe and Asia (six respondents)†, again the e-interviews were conducted with experts and people who had management knowledge as they would offer insight information about the area of study. In research there are instances that there are many respondents who might have different information; some information may be conflicting, the most important thing to consider when choosing the respondents is their degree of integrity, knowledge, and the willingness they have to give genuine information. In the case of e-interviews Andy Barker, Clive Nancarrow, and Jason Vir ensured that they got information from management scholars and real mana gers on the ground, this assisted in coming up with rich data and information. Literature review Other than collection of data from primary sources the researchers undertook a wide literature review where they considered what other scholars who have writer on the same or similar topic had to say about the topic, when using literature review the researcher gets an in-depth knowledge of the topic thus he can offer concrete report. In the research report the use of literature review or secondary source of information is supported by the statement â€Å"Content analysis of briefs/case histories (the most recent five years of global projects the researchers could access)† (Andy, Nancarrow and Vir, 2005). When reviewing literature review the writers considered management material as wells articles written on specific issue of strategic management like accounting, marketing, sales and advertising. Materials were vetted for relevance and the researcher made sure they were current and handled the issue professionally. When reviewing literature, the writers of the materials to be used is of great importance; at every one instance the researchers should make sure they understand the qualifications and the experience that the writer of material has; in the event that the writer does not have rich knowledge and has not conducted a comprehensive study, then such materials should not be used. The concept of McDonaldization is familiar and is growing in relevance among management scholars; the system of operation of the international company is one that is triggering concerns to scholars. With this notion, some scholars are writing books discussing the management model; these are some of the materials that Andy Barker, Clive Nancarrow, and Jason Vir used to gather secondary data. The internet was another area that data was available about the research area, although some cites were used, the researcher ensured that they were sights with high rate of integrity and writt en by people who understood the topic fully. Cites whose writers could not be vetted or were unknown were avoided as they were not likely to offer in-depth information like the one required by the study. In McDonald website and annual reports, there are some management efficiency reports that are published, these are some of the materials that the researcher used to gather in-depth information on the topic; the main reason why the researcher had to use literature review is because it offered a rich knowledge and understanding of the research topic which is an important element when developing a research work. Despite the fact that a researcher has the question he would like to address, he should always ensure that he gets to understand what other people who have done similar research had said and suggested, with such moves he is able to come up with a report that does not duplicate what other people have said but actually one that adds value to the topic of research. Other methods t hat the researchers would have used To collect data, this research used a survey data collection method supported by wide literature review; survey method of data collection is another way that the researchers would have used to collect data. Survey is data collection methods were questionnaires and/or statistical surveys are conducted on places that will offer quality information about the topic at hand. The people that would have been surveyed include businesses that have similar models with McDonald and get their operation level. With such levels then the concept of McDonaldization would have been discussed into details further. When research is based on survey method of collecting data, the sampling methodology adopted is that survey sampling method; in specific, information was collected from three main categories as of domestic private and public companies, governmental institutions, and the second batch was composed of internationals and Non-governmental organizations. Anothe r method that Andy Barker, Clive Nancarrow, and Jason Vir would have considered is the use of case study; under this approach they would have surveyed and analyzed a company that has adopted McDonaldization to manage its international marketing then compare the same with a company that has other frameworks of management. When such an approach is adopted, it gives the researcher a chance to understand and see what is actually happening on the other side. Other than reviewing how McDonaldization can be adopted in international marketing the researcher has an opportunity to offer a report that can advance the system after learning what other companies are doing; this would have been attained if the researcher had used case study method of data collection. The time frame of the research is another area that would have been improved; the study involved business processes which change with time and space, the researchers would have put the same in mind and undertake a prolonged case study research on the topic (Coakes, 2007). Observation can be like a silent move where the researcher watches trend in business that have McDonaldization and those that do not; they may focus on something like customers flow. Conclusion Andy Barker, Clive Nancarrow, and Jason Vir in their report on how to implement McDonaldization to international qualitative marketing research used primary and secondary data collection method to gather in-depth information for their qualitative research. Primary data collection method used includes interview (both oral and electronic), focus groups, and discussion groups. When choosing the respondents in primary data collection method, the researchers ensured that they used people who understood the topic well such as scholars and other management personnel. Secondary data collection method aimed at gathering existing information on the research topic to assist the researchers offer high quality report. References Andy, B., Nancarrow, C., and Vir, J. , 2005. Ritzer’s McDonaldization and applied qualitative marketing research. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 8(3), Pp. 296-311 Balnaves, M. and Caputi, P.,2002. 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International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 1(3), PP. 178-203. Patton, Q. ,2002. Qualitative research evaluation methods (3rd edition). Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications Stefanou, J. ,1999. The complexity and the research area of AIS. Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 19,(1/2), PP.1-23. This essay on Marketing Research Design and Data collection methods was written and submitted by user Krish Sullivan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.