A Civil Action by Jonathan Harr Essay -- Law Criminal Justice System E

A Civil Action by Jonathan Harr A Civil Action depends on a genuine story that Jonathan Harr, a previous staff essayist of New England Monthly depicts a case that in the legitimate framework that is interesting and convincing. The narrative of an impracticable mission by a hopeful youthful individual Injury legal counselor, whose point was to demonstrate that two aggregates, Beatrice Foods and W.R Grace, supposedly contaminated the water in Woburn ,Mass. a Boston suburb, with cancer-causing agents. Jan had trusted that a triumph would make an impression on the meeting rooms to America and felt that the way of life of Leukemia in Woburn ensured his prosperity. He never understood that he would be support with issues in the equity framework. First with the government courts, which were not thoughtful to harm suits, the preliminary adjudicator felt a similar way. He at that point went on to his third attempt with an alternate appointed authority. Which was ineffective because of one of the protection witness who lied. On his fourth attempt the safeguard lawyer neglected to convey every applicable archive to Schlichtmann's group. Jan Schlitmann was a legal counselor in the upper section the extent that cash was concern. He lived in an extravagance condominium, worn just hand-custom fitted Dimitri suits and silk Hermes ties, Bally shoes and drove a Porsche. Schlitmann not exclusively was a wealthy legal counselor, he likewise was a legal advisor that put stock in equity, regardless of whether he got paid or not, concerning this case. He went through nine years of his life, lost the entirety of his benefits, surrendered his own belongings and individual life to see th...

Episodic Dystonia and Hallucinations Due to DLAT Genes

Verbose Dystonia and Hallucinations Due to DLAT Genes Title: Carbamazepine responsive Episodic Dystonia and Hallucination due to Pyruvate Dehydrogenase E2 (DLAT) quality transformation Fatema J Serajee1, Salman Rashid2, and AHM M Huq1 Dynamic: Foundation: PDH E2 inadequacy due to DLAT changes is an uncommon condition with just 4 detailed cases to date. Techniques: We portray a 15-year-old young lady with mellow educated incapacity, paroxysmal dystonia and two-sided basal ganglia signal variations from the norm on mind MRI. Extra neurophysiological, imaging, metabolic and exome sequencing considers were performed. RESULTS: Routine metabolite testing, and GLUT1 and PRRT2 transformation investigation were negative. A recurrent mind MRI uncovered Eye-of-the-tiger-sign. Exome sequencing recognized homozygous valine to glycine adjustment at amino corrosive position 157 in the DLAT quality. Bioinformatic and family investigations showed that the modification was likely pathogenic. Patients s dystonia was receptive to low portion carbamazepine. On weaning carbamazepine, quiet created mind flights which settled after carbamazepine was restarted. Ends: PDH E2 insufficiency due to DLAT transformation has an increasingly considerate course contrasted with normal types of PDH E1 lack because of X-connected PDHA1 changes. Every known instance of PDH E2 inadequacy due to DLAT transformations share the highlights of verbose dystonia and scholarly handicap. Our patients dystonia and mental trips reacted well to low portion carbamazepine. Presentation: Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDH) E2 insufficiency is an uncommon pediatric neurometabolic infection because of change in DLAT quality (Head et al., 2005; McWilliam et al., 2010). Just 4 cases with DLAT quality transformations have recently been accounted for (Head et al., 2005; McWilliam et al., 2010). All offer the highlights of dystonia and some level of formative postponement and trademark globus pallidus signal variations from the norm on mind MRI. This sickness will in general have progressively considerate course when contrasted with PDH E1 insufficiency (Head et al., 2005; Huq et al., 1991; McWilliam et al., 2010; Patel et al., 2012). We report an extra case with DLAT transformation with new phenotype and treatment data. Case Report A 15-year-old young lady gave paroxysmal scenes of left lower furthest point shortcoming and hardening throughout the previous 8 years. These scenes were activated by practice however no intensifying or assuaging factors were noted. There was no related atmosphere, change of cognizance, incontinence or other related neurological side effects. Her folks were second cousins, however family ancestry was negative for known hereditary issue. Birth and past clinical narratives were additionally unremarkable. Tolerant had a discourse delay however met her other youth achievements fittingly. Afterward, she created scholastic troubles and at 15 years old she was performing at a fourth grade level. At introduction, the patient had a typical assessment aside from some subjective and understanding challenges. At the hour of beginning introduction to a pediatric nervous system specialist at 7 years old, a MRI of the cerebrum uncovered reciprocal T2 hyperintensities in the basal ganglia. What's mo re, she was found to have diminished NAA top and the proposal of a lactate top on MR spectroscopy. EEG, EMG and nerve conductions examines were unremarkable. Throughout the years the patient was considered to have paroxysmal kinesiogenic dyskinesia and was treated with carbamazepine (100 mg every day). The patient was at first assessed by us at age of 14 years. Metabolic work up for serum lactate, serum amino acids, acyl carnitine profile, serum copper and ceruluplasmin and GLUT1 or PRRT2 change examination were unremarkable. Rehash MRI uncovered basal ganglia signal changes including Eye of the tiger sign (Figure 1). MR spectroscopy examines were imperfect. Exome sequencing was performed through Ambry research facility as recently depicted (Serajee and Huq, 2015). The patient had homozygous c.470T>G (p.V157G) adjustment in the DLAT (Dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase (PDHC E2) quality proposing the conclusion of pyruvate dehydrogenase E2 insufficiency, an uncommon reason for pyruvate dehydrogenase lack. The two guardians and one sibling were heterozygous bearers and another sibling was homozygous ordinary. The p.V157G modification (c.470T>G), is in coding exon 3 of the DLAT quality, results from a T to G replacement at nucleotide position 470. The valine at codon 157 is supplanted by glycine, an amino corrosive with unique properties. The V157 amino corrosive position is profoundly rationed in all accessible vertebrate species. The p.V157G change is anticipated to be most likely harming by Polyphen and pernicious by SIFT in silico examinations. The V157 amino corrosive is situated inside the biotin/lipoyl connection space of the D HAT protein. The DLAT c.470T>G change was not seen in sound companion databases, for example, NHLBI Exome Sequencing Project (ESP) or the 1000 Genomes Project or the Database of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (dbSNP). In light of information from the HGMD, just the four modifications detailed by Head et al. (2005) and McWilliam et al. (2010) have been seen inside the DLAT quality to date (Head et al., 2005;McWilliam et al., 2010). These incorporate one missense modification, two join changes, and one little in-outline cancellation. In light of the above proof, the homozygous c.470T>G (p.V157G) change was viewed as pathogenic. Her folks denied treatment with the ketogenic diet. When carbamazepine was weaned off because of parental worries of reactions, inside not many weeks, quiet created mental trips. Guardians announced goals of side effects after carbamazepine was restarted. Conversation: The Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex capacities in the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate to acetyl coenzyme A. The complex contains three subunits: E1, E2 and E3 (Patel and Roche, 1990). The most well-known type of pyruvate dehydrogenase inadequacy is because of changes influencing the E1 subunit, and results in an assortment of clinical appearances relying on the remaining capacity of the catalyst (Huq et al., 1991;Patel et al., 2012). E1 subunit is encoded by PDHA1 quality of X chromosome. Most patients present in outset with lactic acidosis, ataxia and hypotonia, either incessantly or verbosely (Huq et al., 1991;Patel et al., 2012). The transformation in our patient is in the E2 subunit (dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase), which shapes the basic center of the chemical and capacities in tolerating the acetyl gatherings and moving them to coenzyme An, a basic advance going before the passage of glucose into the TCA cycle (Head et al., 2005;Patel and Roche, 1990). E2 subunit is en coded by DLAT quality situated on chromosome 11q23.1. Until this point, notwithstanding, there are just four announced instances of pyruvate dehydrogenase inadequacy brought about by changes in the DLAT quality, making it an uncommon reason for the condition (Head et al., 2005;McWilliam et al., 2010). Moreover, Robinson et al revealed an extra patient with diminished E2 dihydrolipoyl transacetylase compound movement (32% of the control and imperceptible E2 immunoreactive protein (Robinson et al., 1990). For this patient, no quality transformation information is accessible (Robinson et al., 1990). The patient detailed by Robinson et al. had an alternate phenotype contrasted with our patient and four other hereditarily affirmed DLAT transformation cases and had significant impediment and microcephaly (Robinson et al., 1990). Head et al. (2005) first portrayed two disconnected people with PDH lack brought about by homozygous non-protein shortening transformations in the DLAT quality (Head et al., 2005). One patient showed a cancellation of glutamic corrosive in the external lipoyl area of the protein, while the second communicated a missense change in the synergist site, prompting a replacement of leucine for phenylalanine. The two patients were male youngsters conceived of first-cousin guardians. These patients gave a less extreme phenotype contrasted with people with the more typical sort of PDH brought about by modifications in the PDHA1 quality encoding the E1 subunit, and their regular highlights included rambling dystonia, hypotonia, ataxia, and formative delay(Head et al., 2005). Scenes of dystonia were frequently activated by pressure or fever, and formative advancement seemed to slow after the scenes also. Extra announced highlights included forlorn crying, nystagmus and unusual eye developments, ptosis, slobbering, jerky head developments, angling of the body, base rearranging, hardening of the appendages, wordy holding of the hands, head slack and hypotonia. Cerebrum MRI discoveries in every patient remembered central sign irregularity for the basal ganglia with high T2 sign and low T1 signal in the globus pallidus which was perfect with a variation from the norm of vitality digestion (Head et al., 2005). The creators inferred that changes in the DLAT quality are a very uncommon reason for PDH lack and that patients with this sort of PDH might be bound to react to a ketogenic diet (Head et al., 2005). McWilliam et al. (2010) likewise portrayed two sisters conceived of non-consanguineous guardians influenced with pyruvate dehydrogenase E2 insufficiency brought about by compound heterozygous graft changes in the DLAT quality (McWilliam et al., 2010). Clinical highlights resembled those portrayed in Head et al. (2005), including dynamic long winded dystonia, psychological de bilitation, and globus pallidus hyperintensity on mind MRI. The two patients were treated with an adjusted ketogenic diet and the guardians announced enhancements in focus, fine engine control, and diminished exhaustion (McWilliam et al., 2010). Past reports noticed the phenotypic cover to patients with PKAN, and proposed examination for PDH E2 insufficiency in patients suspected to have atypical PKAN with negative hereditary testing (Head et al., 2005;McWilliam et al., 2010). PKAN is one of a few infections ordered under the umbrella of neurodegeneration with cerebrum iron gathering (NBIA). It is brought about by a transformation in the pentothenate

Letting Go of Sentimental Items

Letting Go of Sentimental Items My mother died in 2009. She lived a thousand miles away, and it was my responsibility to vacate her apartment in Florida. It was a small, one-bedroom place, but it was packed wall-to-wall with her belongings. Mom had great taste (she could have been an interior designer), and none of her stuff was junk. Nevertheless, there was a lot of stuff in her home. Mom was constantly shopping, always accumulating more stuff: She had antique furniture throughout her apartment, a stunning oak canopy bed that consumed almost her entire bedroom, two closets jam-packed with clothes, picture frames standing on every flat surface, original artwork adorning the walls, and tasteful decorations in every nook, cranny, and crevasse. There was 64 years of accumulation in that tiny apartment. So I did what any son would do: I rented a large truck from U-Haul. Then I called a storage place back in Ohio to make sure they had a storage unit that was big enough. The truck was $1600, the storage facility was $120â€"financially I could afford it, but I quickly discovered  the emotional cost was much higher. Initially,  I didn’t want to let go of anything. If you’ve ever lost a parent, a loved one, or been through a similarly emotional time, then you understand exactly how hard it was for me to let go of any of those possessions. So instead of letting go, I wanted to cram every trinket, figurine, and piece of oversized furniture into that storage locker in Ohio, floor to ceiling. That way I knew that Mom’s stuff was there if I ever wanted it, if I ever needed access to it for some incomprehensible reason. I even planned to put a few pieces of Mom’s furniture in my home as subtle reminders of her. I started boxing up her belongings: every picture frame, every porcelain doll, and every white doily on every shelf. I packed every bit of her that remained. Or so I thought. I looked under her bed. Among the organized chaos that comprised the crawlspace beneath her bed, there were four boxes, each labeled with a number. Each numbered box was sealed with packing tape. I cut through the tape, and when I folded back the boxes’ flaps I discovered old papers from my elementary school days from nearly a quarter-century ago: spelling tests, cursive writing lessons, artworkâ€"it was all there, every shred of paper from my first four years of school. She obviously  hadn’t accessed the sealed boxes in years, yet Mom had held on to these things because she was trying to hold on to pieces of me, pieces of the pastâ€"much like I was attempting to hold on to pieces of her and her past. I realized my retention efforts were futile: I could hold on to her memories without her stuff, just as she had always remembered me, my childhood, and all our memories without ever accessing those sealed boxes under her bed. She didn’t need papers from 25 years ago to remember me, just as I didn’t need a storage locker filled with her stuff to remember her. I called U-Haul and canceled the truck. And then, over the next twelve days, I donated her stuff to places and people who could use it. Of course it was difficult to let go, but I realized many things about our relationship between memories and possessions during the experience: I am not my stuff; we are more than our possessions. Our memories are within us, not within our things. Holding on to stuff imprisons us; letting go is freeing. You can take pictures of items you want to remember. Old photographs can be scanned. An item that is sentimental for us can be useful for someone else. I don’t think sentimental items are bad, or evil, or that holding on to them is wrong; I think the danger of sentimental items (and sentimentality in general) is far more subtle. If you want to get rid of an item, but the only reason you are holding on to it is for sentimental reasonsâ€"and if it is weighing on youâ€"then perhaps it’s time to get rid of it, perhaps it’s time to free yourself of the weight. That doesn’t mean you must get rid of everything, though. When I returned to Ohio, I had four boxes of Mom’s photographs in my trunk, which I would later scan and save online. I found a scanner that made scanning the photos easy. Those photos are digital now, and they can be used in digital picture frames instead of collecting dust in a basement. I no longer have the clutter of their boxes lying around and weighing me down, and they can never be destroyed in a fire. I donated everything else strewn throughout her home: her furniture, her clothes, and her decorative items. It was a giant leap for me, but I felt I must do it  to remove the weightâ€"the emotional gravitasâ€"of the situation from my shoulders. I don’t need Mom’s stuff to remind me of herâ€"there are traces of her everywhere: in the way I act, in the way I treat others, even in the way I smile. She’s still there, and she was never part of her stuff. Whenever I give advice on paring down, I tend to offer  two options: The first option is usually the Giant Leap option, the dive-in-head-first option: get rid of everything, smash your TV, throw out all your stuff, quickly rip off the Band-Aid, let it go! This option isn’t for everyone (and it’s often not for me), but in the case of my mom’s stuff, this is exactly what I did. The second option is to take Baby Steps, which works because it helps you build momentum by taking small, incremental actions. What sentimental item can you get rid of today that you’ve wanted to get rid of for a while? Start there. Then pick a few things each day, gradually increasing your efforts as you feel more comfortable. Whichever option you choose, take action: never leave the scene of a good idea without taking action. Read this essay and 150 others in our book, Essential. You May Also Enjoy How to Start a Successful Blog Today Learn how to start a blog in less than an hour. Follow the step-by-step instructions we used when starting our blog, which now has reached more than 20 million people. Creating this blog is one of the best decisions Ryan and I ever made. After all, our blog is how we earn a living. More important, it's how we add value to other people's lives. Read more 30-Day Minimalism Game Let's play a simple game together. We call it the 30-Day Minimalism Game. Find a friend, family member, or coworker who's willing to minimize their stuff with you next month. Read more 11 Ways to Write Better We are all writers now. Whether you write books, blog posts, emails, Instagram captions, or text messages, you are a writer. No matter your preferred medium, here are a few tips to help you write more effectively. Read more Subscribe to The Minimalists via email.

Financial Analysis of John Deere - 1080 Words

Assignment 1: Financial Analysis of John Deere David Schwendinger Strayer University Financial Accounting for Managers Acc 556 Dr. James Turkvant May 11, 2015 Assignment 1: Financial Analysis of John Deere In this paper I will provide analysis of the annual report provided by the company. I will specifically looking at this report from an investor’s prospective, attempting to ascertain whether John Deere is managing its finances in manner that will draw investors. Other, non-financial, aspects of John Deere will also be considered that could be used as decision points for potential backers. This will also be considered in the larger context of the construction and farm machinery industry and some of John Deere’s competitors.†¦show more content†¦This shows a different picture as the total assets increase over current assets by about $15 Billion dollars and the total liabilities increase over current liabilities by $31 Billion. (Deere Company, 2014, p. 32) This shows a debt to assets ratio of 85%. This level of debt could make a prospective investor very leery. This is countered the John Deere’s times interest earned at 5.4. While this number is no t great, it is not terrible either. If it were lower, that combined with the debt to asset ratio would be a very large warning flag. Determining whether to invest in John Deere or not is not a simple decision as the numbers do not point to a clear answer. They also are only one point of analysis when looking at the industry or the stock market as a whole. John Deere is ranked second in its industry, behind Caterpillar. (Fortune, 2014) This may to seem to indicate that investing in Caterpillar would be a better decision but while John Deere’s sales were only up 4.5%, Caterpillar’s were down 15.5% from the previous year. (Fortune, 2014) Navistar International Corp is another competitor that has been struggling with the current state of the Industrial Equipment industry. They have seen their stock price drop by about a third in the last year. (Navistar International Corp (NAV:New York), 2015) Now does this mean that an investment in John Deere is a wise one? Considering the reduction inShow MoreRelatedStatus Report – Bu 2799 Business Management Capstone Project1216 Words   |  5 Page s(18598631) Dr. Mitchell ITT Technical Institute 23 February 2016 Status Report John Deere (Deere Company) Company Background and Business Model The items that I have completed for the Business Management Capstone Project as of February 23, 2016, include many components. First, I have included the name of the business that I will be discussing for the project. The name of the company that I will be discussing is John Deere. The company was founded almost 200 years ago (In 1837) in Moline, IL. TheRead MoreCaterpillar, Inc. Financial Analysis1743 Words   |  7 Pagesï ¿ ¼Caterpillar, Inc. Financial Analysis ï ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Andrew Hutson, John Beckman, Patrick Gregory, Marquese Martin-Hayes 25 September 2014 CATERPILLAR, INC: FINANCIAL ANALYSIS 1 Company Summary Caterpillar is a machinery manufacturing company headquartered in Peoria, Illinois. Established in 1925, Caterpillar has become the largest domestic manufacturer of construction, mining and agricultural machinery. After becoming a leader in each of those three industries domestically, Caterpillar has branched out intoRead MoreExpanding Deeres Construction Segement to China Essays1293 Words   |  6 Pages Deere and its customers share many of the same risks. Poor weather conditions or crop prices can threaten farmers’ net income, in turn hampering Deere’s farm equipment sales. Although farmers tend to gravitate toward smaller, regional banks, and other credit crises as seen in late 2008 could impede equipment buyer’s ability to finance new machinery. A recent endeavor to expand the construction segment in China also presents risk, as the region is home to more established players, both domestic andRead MoreJohn Deere947 Words   |  4 PagesScott Hedrick March 19, 2012 1. History of John Deere â€Å"Deere amp; Company began when John Deere, born in Rutland, Vermont, USA on February 7, 1804, moved to Grand Detour, Illinois in 1836 in order to escape bankruptcy in Vermont. Already an established blacksmith, Deere opened a 1,378 square feet shop in Grand Detour in 1837 which allowed him to serve as a general repairman in the village, as well as a manufacturer of small tools such as pitchforks and shovels. What was more successfulRead MoreGlobal Market For Agricultural And Construction Equipment1033 Words   |  5 Pagesthe competitive forces confronting Deere in the global market for agricultural and construction equipment? Do a five-forces analysis and identify the key driving forces and key success factors to support your answer. After looking into the Balance sheet and financial charts for each top 4 rivals company who are almost dominating the current agriculture equipment manufacturing are not very strong compared to Deer Company. The five forces are: Supplier power. Deere managed to keep its other competitorsRead MoreJohn Deere Essays2192 Words   |  9 PagesBusiness Analysis on Deere Company McKenzie R. Mayfield Tarleton State University Dr. Nathan Heller October 31, 2015 Author Note I attest that this document is an original creation submitted in accordance with the requirement for the Comprehensive Written Project (CWP) in Seminar in Business Strategy (GB-5388) during the Fall 2015 academic term. Abstract This document provides an in depth company analysis of Deere Company (DE). In the first segment of the analysis, an overview of John Deere’sRead MoreJohn Deer Case Study1238 Words   |  5 PagesMohamud Hassan DSC434 John Deere case study Due date 11/11/14 Early Supplier Integration in the Design of the Skid-Steer Loader Scott has been offered a new position as supply management manager for a new Deere amp; Company manufacturing facility of designed product skid-steer loader. As part of his new job, he must make a proposal to identify specific suppliers to integrate into skid-steer loader development process and specific ways to effectively integrate these suppliers in order toRead Moreexecutive Summary-John Deere3676 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿ Executive Summary John Deere is an iconic one hundred and seventy-seven year old company and maker of agricultural machinery headquartered in Moline, Illinois. What started as a small business operation has sprung into a multibillion-dollar global operation. In 2013 alone, the company boasted sales of $37.80 billion. Founded in 1837 by a blacksmith, the company originally only built plows, and did not assemble their first tractor until they purchased a small tractor company, WaterlooRead MoreGlobal Market For Agricultural And Construction Equipment1175 Words   |  5 Pages1. How strong are the competitive forces confronting Deere in the global market for agricultural and construction equipment? Do a five-forces analysis and identify the key driving forces and key success factors to support your answer. Deer company sits on the top of the market share ranking at 34.5 % competing with 1000 other companies worldwide in the tractor and agricultural equipment industry where CNH industry comes next at 11.7 % of market share. The top four; Deer Company, CNH industryRead MoreHow Strong Are The Competitive Forces Confronting Deere Case Study1286 Words   |  6 PagesHow strong are the competitive forces confronting Deere in the global market for agricultural and construction equipment? Do a five-force analysis and identify the key driving forces and key success factors to support your answer. The five forces are: Supplier power. Deere managed to keep its other competitors from driving up the price because of suppliers pricing by building its own supply channels. In each of its six identified key regions Deere established manufacturing plants that supported its

Essay on Ethical Perspectives - 1301 Words

Ethical Perspectives Organizational Issues ETH/316 11/28/2012 Ethical Perspectives It is evident that Wal-Mart’s ethical perspective or moral view is contingent on profit or profit potential. The global labor force of Wal-Mart enables this retail giant to continue to grow and succeed by providing lower operating costs. The legal ethics of this company are asserted globally and would withstand scrutiny in most cases. However, the virtue ethics of Wal-Mart are questionable about the well-being of their employees, specifically the hourly employees. Wal-Mart is targeted by its own labor force in the United States and in China as well. In the United States, Wal-Mart operates on the brink of ethics by using its legal stature to suppress†¦show more content†¦20-23). A number of labor union groups have created organizations and Internet web pages to expose the unfair labor practices of Wal-Mart and persuade public opinion. These groups include Wake Up Wal-Mart, Wal-Mart Watch, and OUR Wal-Mart (Massey, 2011, p. 1-23). Workers at Wal-Mart claim that chain u ses â€Å"illegal bullying tactics† in its efforts to muffle those who speak out against the company’s treatment of its workers. The members of these groups have not achieved the goal of unionizing but the effect of the negative publicity has been a burden for Wal-Mart. In October 2012, Related Companies announced that it was signing a lease on its Gateway II development with Shop-Rite and not Wal-Mart. The commercial real estate company denying the ubiquitous big-box retailer a spot in its East New York development drew praise from a variety of public officials, activists, and local business owners (Johnson, 2012, p. 1-36). This is evidence that the labor union groups are making some headway in influencing the public opinion about Wal-Mart. Wal-Mart Culture in China â€Å"Chinese workers pay for Wal-Mart’s low prices† (Goodman, 2011, p. 2). Unlike the culture in the United States, workers in China are allowed to organize and form labor unions. Even still, Wal-Mart is a repeat violator of pay laws and currently is involved in legal proceedings around China. There are more than 80 lawsuits claiming that workers were instructed to work overtime and bypassShow MoreRelatedA Look at Ethical Perspectives Essay example1150 Words   |  5 PagesA Look at Ethical Perspectives While it would be nice to think that it is easy to make decisions and all come to the same conclusion, this is not always the case. Unfortunately, even regarding ethical decisions where you may think a right and wrong way exist may not be easy to determine. Since everyone has different backgrounds and therefore, different perspectives, we may not agree on what the best course of action is to take in a difficult decision. While I believe that character is the mostRead MoreEthical Perspective1151 Words   |  5 PagesEthical Perspective MGT 344 W3 Individual Assignment University of Phoenix Darrell DiFabio October 20, 2008 Ethical Perspective Introduction Ethics can be defined as a philosophical study of moral values based on the concept of right and wrong. Therefore, ethical perspective could be considered as a person’s individual perception of moral values, beliefs and rules based on his or her personal view of right and wrong. The Ethics Awareness Inventory is a test devised to help individualsRead MoreEthical Perspectives Essay1271 Words   |  6 PagesEthical Perspectives Introduction Ethics involves identifying, differentiating, and defending concepts of right and wrong, and what values humanity retains from ethical growth and development. The Williams Group for Ethics and Management developed an exercise, called the Ethics Awareness Inventory, which analyzes responses to a set of questions, and categorizes the results under four ethical perspectives: Character (or Virtue Ethics), Obligation (or Deontological Ethics), Results (or Utilitarianism)Read MoreAn Ethical Perspective And Obligation1509 Words   |  7 PagesFrom an ethical perspective and obligation however, the autonomy and dignity of all individuals should also be taken into account and therefore respected (Van Camp, 2014). This should raise questions about what can potentially be implemented that would accommodate the regulations and requirements yet, respect the personal differences that accompany religious beliefs. For instance, in an effort to respect human autonomy and dignity, Illinois is trying to strike that balance. Although Illinois remainsRead MoreAn Ethical Perspective And Obligation1513 Words   |  7 PagesFrom an ethical perspective and obligation, however, the autonomy and dignity of all individuals should also be taken into account and therefore respected (Van Camp, 2014). This should raise questions about what can potentially be implemented that would accommodate the regulations and requirements yet, respect the personal differences that accompany religious beliefs. For instance, in an effort to respect human autonomy and dignity, Illinois is trying to strike that balance. Although Illinois remainsRead MoreEthical Perspective Essay2220 Words   |  9 PagesEthical Perspective The ethical perspective of an individual has a profound affect on how he lives his life. Ethical perspective can be that of character, obligation, results, or equity; or C.O.R.E.. An individual may fall into one of these perspectives or may be blended between two or more. An individual’s ethical perspective can be reflected in the culture of their organization and determines how they handle ethical situations on a daily basis. My personal ethical perspective is substantiallyRead MoreThe Ethical Perspectives Of Amazon Essay2015 Words   |  9 PagesThese controversies were a hot topic around the media especially for tech enthusiasts and engineers. The ethicality of the internal practices of amazon and its effects can be evaluated from the three ethical perspectives in philosophy: Kantian theory, Utilitarianism, and Ethical Egoistic perspective. Imagine a person named Bob living a busy life New York City. Bob is planning to buy a new speaker for his apartment since he loves listening to acoustic music. He thought about going to Best Buy or otherRead MoreThe Ethical Decision Making Model1008 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the last century, The Unites States of America has been affectionately dubbed, â€Å"the melting pot.† Although our Western culture was built on a multicultural foundation, we have nevertheless failed, â€Å"to embrace many of the needs, views, and perspectives specific to those not considered part† of the dominant White-Western culture. Only in recent decades have we truly started to address this gap and the needs associated with serving others from a culturally sensitive standpoint. The AmericanRead MoreCreative Accounting1022 Words   |  5 Pagesaccounting from different perspectives, discuss some advantages and disadvantages of creative accounting, and explain a real life example of creative accounting. Through these paragraphs I hope to also touch upon some of the ethical issues involved in engaging in creative accounting practices. Definitions of Creative Accounting From Different Perspectives Blake (1998) provides four definitions of creative accounting provided from different perspectives. The first perspective was written by a businessRead MoreEssay On The Spirit Catches You And You Fall Down1927 Words   |  8 Pagesher, and each year a tvix neeb held a ceremony to ease her suffering. This book grapples with ethical dilemmas that can present themselves while working with people from other cultures and professional disciplines. Perspectives From the perspective of the social worker Jeanine Hilt, systems perspective could be used to assess Lia Lee, her family or those in the community of the book. System perspective sees human behavior as the outcome of reciprocal interactions of persons operating within linked

Forward the Foundation Chapter 27 Free Essays

22 â€Å"Mr. Bindris,† said Hari Seldon, reaching out his hand to shake the other’s. â€Å"I am so glad to be able to see you. We will write a custom essay sample on Forward the Foundation Chapter 27 or any similar topic only for you Order Now It was good of you to agree to see me.† â€Å"Why not?† said Terep Bindris jovially. â€Å"I know you well. Or, rather, I know of you well.† â€Å"That’s pleasant. I take it you’ve heard of psychohistory, then.† â€Å"Oh yes, what intelligent person hasn’t? Not that I understand anything about it, of course. And who is this young lady you have with you?† â€Å"My granddaughter, Wanda.† â€Å"A very pretty young woman.† He beamed. â€Å"Somehow I feel I’d be putty in her hands.† Wanda said, â€Å"I think you exaggerate, sir.† â€Å"No, really. Now, please, sit down and tell me what it is I can do for you.† He gestured expansively with his arm, indicating that they be seated on two overstuffed, richly brocaded chairs in front of the desk at which he sat. The chairs, like the ornate desk, the imposing carved doors which had slid back noiselessly at their arrival signal, and the gleaming obsidian floor of Bindris’s vast office, were of the finest quality. And, although his surroundings were impressive-and imposing-Bindris himself was not. The slight cordial man would not be taken, at first glance, for one of Trantor’s leading financial powerbrokers. â€Å"We’re here, sir, at the Emperor’s suggestion.† â€Å"The Emperor?† â€Å"Yes, he could not help us, but he thought a man like you might be able to do so. The question, of course, is credits.† Bindris’s face fell. â€Å"Credits?† he said. â€Å"I don’t understand.† â€Å"Well,† said Seldon, â€Å"for nearly forty years, psychohistory has been supported by the government. However, times change and the Empire is no longer what it was.† â€Å"Yes, I know that.†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ â€Å"The Emperor lacks the credits to support us or, even if he did have the credits, he couldn’t get the request for funding past the Legislature. He recommends, therefore, that I see businesspeople who, in the first place, still have credits and, in the second place, can simply write out a credit voucher.† There was a longish pause and Bindris finally said, â€Å"The Emperor, I’m afraid, knows nothing about business. -How many credits do you want?† â€Å"Mr. Bindris, we’re talking about an enormous task. I’m going to need several million.† â€Å"Several million!† â€Å"Yes, sir.† Bindris frowned. â€Å"Are we talking about a loan here? When do you expect to be able to pay it back?† â€Å"Well, Mr. Bindris, I can’t honestly say I ever expect to be able to pay it back. I’m looking for a gift.† â€Å"Even if I wanted to give you the credits-and let me tell you, for some strange reason I very much want to do so-I couldn’t. The Emperor may have his Legislature, but I have my Board members. I can’t make a gift of that sort without the Board’s permission and they’ll never grant it.† â€Å"Why not? Your firm is enormously wealthy. A few million would mean nothing to you.† â€Å"That sounds good,† said Bindris, â€Å"but I’m afraid that the firm is in a state of decline right now. Not sufficiently to bring us into serious trouble, but enough to make us unhappy. If the Empire is in a state of decay, different individual parts of it are decaying, too. We are in no position to hand out a few million. I’m truly sorry.† Seldon sat there silently and Bindris seemed unhappy. He shook his Head at last and said, â€Å"Look, Professor Seldon, I would really like to help you out, particularly for the sake of the young lady you have with you. It just can’t be done. However, we’re not the only firm in Trantor. Try others, Professor. You may have better luck elsewhere.† â€Å"Well,† said Seldon, raising himself to his feet with an effort, â€Å"we shall try.† 23 Wanda’s eyes were filled with tears, but the emotion they represented was not sorrow but fury. â€Å"Grandpa,† she said, â€Å"I don’t understand it. I simply don’t understand it. We’ve been to four different firms. Each one was ruder and nastier to us than the one before. The fourth one just kicked us out. And since then, no one will let us in.† â€Å"It’s no mystery, Wanda,† said Seldon gently. â€Å"When we saw Bindris, he didn’t know what we were there for and he was perfectly friendly until I asked for a gift of a few million credits. Then he was a great deal less friendly. I imagine the word went out as to what we wanted and each additional time there was less friendliness until now, when people won’t receive us at all. Why should they? They’re not going to give us the credits we need, so why waste time with us?† Wanda’s anger turned on herself. â€Å"And what did I do? I just sat there. Nothing.† â€Å"I wouldn’t say that,† said Seldon. â€Å"Bindris was affected by you. It seems to me that he really wanted to give me the credits, largely because of you. You were pushing him and accomplishing something.† â€Å"Not nearly enough. Besides, all he cared about was that I was pretty.† â€Å"Not pretty,† muttered Seldon. â€Å"Beautiful. Very beautiful.† â€Å"So what do we do now, Grandpa?† asked Wanda. â€Å"After all these years, psychohistory will collapse.† â€Å"I suppose that,† said Seldon â€Å"in a way, it’s something that can’t be helped. I’ve been predicting the breakdown of the Empire for nearly forty years and now that it’s come, psychohistory breaks down with it.† â€Å"But psychohistory will save the Empire, at least partly.† â€Å"I know it will, but I can’t force it to.† â€Å"Are you just going to let it collapse?† Seldon shook his head. â€Å"I’ll try to keep it from doing so, but I must admit that I don’t know how I’m going to do it.† Wanda said, â€Å"I’m going to practice. There must be some way I can strengthen my push, make it easier for me to force people to do what I want them to do.† â€Å"I wish you could manage.† â€Å"What are you going to do, Grandpa?† â€Å"Well, nothing much. Two days ago, when I was on my way to see the Chief Librarian, I encountered three men in the Library who were arguing about psychohistory. For some reason, one of them impressed me very much. I urged him to come see me and he agreed. The appointment is for this afternoon at my office.† â€Å"Are you going to have him work for you?† â€Å"I would like to-if I have enough credits to pay him with. But it can’t hurt to talk with him. After all, what can I lose?† 24 The young man arrived at precisely 4 T.S.T. (Trantorian Standard Time) and Seldon smiled. He loved punctual people. He placed his hands on his desk and made ready to heave to his feet, but the young man said, â€Å"Please, Professor, I know you have a bad leg. You needn’t stand up.† Seldon said, â€Å"Thank you, young man. However, that does not mean that you cannot sit down. Please do.† The young man removed his jacket and sat down. Seldon said, â€Å"You must forgive me†¦ when we met and set up this appointment, I neglected to learn your name-which is†¦? â€Å"Stettin Palver,† said the young man. â€Å"Ah. Palver! Palver! The name sounds familiar.† â€Å"It should, Professor. My grandfather boasted frequently of having known you.† â€Å"Your grandfather. Of course. Joramis Palver. He was two years younger than I was, as I recall. I tried to get him to join me in psychohistory, but he refused. He said there was no chance of his ever learning enough mathematics to make it possible. Too bad! How is Joramis, by the way?† Palver said solemnly, â€Å"I’m afraid that Joramis has gone the way of old men generally. He’s dead.† Seldon winced. Two years younger than he himself was-and dead. An old friend and they had lost touch to such a degree that, when death came, it did so unknowingly. Seldon sat there for a while and finally muttered, â€Å"I’m sorry.† The young man shrugged. â€Å"He had a good life.† â€Å"And you, young man, where did you have your schooling?† â€Å"Langano University.† Seldon frowned. â€Å"Langano? Stop me if I’m wrong, but that’s not on Trantor, is it?† â€Å"No. I wanted to try a different world. The Universities on Trantor, as you undoubtedly know very well, are all overcrowded. I wanted to find a place where I could study in peace.† â€Å"And what did you study?† â€Å"Nothing much. History. Not the sort of thing that would lead one to a good job.† (Another wince, even worse than the first. Dors Venabili had been a historian.) Seldon said, â€Å"But you’re back here on Trantor. Why is that?† â€Å"Credits. Jobs.† â€Å"As an historian?† Palver laughed. â€Å"Not a chance. I run a device that pulls and hauls. Not exactly a professional occupation.† Seldon looked at Palver with a twinge of envy. The contours of Palver’s arms and chest were highlighted by the thin fabric of his shirt. He was well muscled. Seldon had never himself been quite that muscular. Seldon said, â€Å"I presume that when you were at the University, you were on the boxing team.† â€Å"Who, me? Never. I’m a Twister.† â€Å"A Twister!† Seldon’s spirits jumped. â€Å"Are you from Helicon?† Palver said with a certain contempt, â€Å"You don’t have to come from Helicon to be a good Twister.† No, thought Seldon, but that’s where the best ones come from. However, he said nothing. He did say, though, â€Å"Well, your grandfather would not join me. How about you?† â€Å"Psychohistory?† â€Å"I heard you talking to the others when I first encountered you and it seemed to me that you were talking quite intelligently about psychohistory. Would you like to join me, then?† â€Å"As I said, Professor, I have a job.† â€Å"Pushing and hauling. Come, come.† â€Å"It pays well.† â€Å"Credits aren’t everything.† â€Å"They’re quite a bit. Now you, on the other hand, can’t pay me much. I’m quite certain that you’re short of credits.† â€Å"Why do you say that?† â€Å"I’m guessing, in a way, I suppose. But am I wrong?† Seldon’s lips pressed together hard, then he said, â€Å"No, you’re not wrong and I can’t pay you much. I’m sorry. I suppose that ends our little interview.† â€Å"Wait, wait, wait.† Palver held up his hands. â€Å"Not quite so fast, please. We’re still talking about psychohistory. If I work for you, I will be taught psychohistory, right?† â€Å"Of course.† â€Å"In that case, credits aren’t everything, after all. I’ll make you a deal. You teach me all the psychohistory you can and you pay me whatever you can and I’ll get by somehow. How about it?† â€Å"Wonderful,† said Seldon joyously. â€Å"That sounds great. Now, one more thing.† â€Å"Oh?† â€Å"Yes. I’ve been attacked twice in recent weeks. The first time my son came to my defense, but he has since gone to Santanni. The second time I made use of my lead-filled walking stick. It worked, but I was dragged before a magistrate and accused of assault and battery-â€Å" â€Å"Why the attacks?† interjected Palver. â€Å"I am not popular. I have been preaching the Fall of the Empire for so long that, now that it is coming, I am blamed for it.† â€Å"I see. Now then, what does all that have to do with the one more thing you mentioned?† â€Å"I want you to be my bodyguard. You’re young, you’re strong, and, most of all, you’re a Twister. You’re exactly what I need.† â€Å"I suppose it can be managed,† Palver said with a smile. 25 â€Å"See there, Stettin,† Seldon said as the two were taking an early evening stroll in one of Trantor’s residential sectors near Streeling. The older man pointed to debris-assorted refuse jettisoned from passing groundcars or dropped by careless pedestrians-strewn along the walkway. â€Å"In the old days,† Seldon continued, â€Å"you would never see litter like this. The security officers were vigilant and municipal maintenance crews provided round-the-clock upkeep of all public areas. But, most important, no one would even think of dumping his trash in such a manner. Trantor was our home; we took pride in it. Now†-Seldon shook his head sadly, resignedly, and sighed-â€Å"it’s-† He broke off abruptly. â€Å"You there, young man!† Seldon shouted at a ill-kempt fellow who had moments before passed them, going in the opposite direction. He was munching a treat just popped into his mouth; the wrapper had been tossed to the ground without so much as a downward glance. â€Å"Pick that up and dispose of it properly,† Seldon admonished as the young man eyed him sullenly. â€Å"Pick it up yourself,† the boy snarled and then he turned and walked away. â€Å"It’s another sign of society’s breakdown, as predicted by your psychohistory, Professor Seldon,† Palver said. â€Å"Yes, Stettin. All around us the Empire is falling apart, piece by piece. In fact, it’s already smashed-there’s no turning back now. Apathy, decay, and greed have all played their parts in destroying the once-glorious Empire. And what will take its place? Why-â€Å" Here Seldon broke off at the sight of Palver’s face. The younger man seemed to be listening intently-but not to Seldon’s voice. His head was cocked to one side and his face had a far-off look. It was as if Palver were straining to hear some sound inaudible to everyone but himself. Suddenly he snapped back to the here and now. With an urgent glance around them, Palver took hold of Seldon’s arm. â€Å"Hari, quick, we must get away. They’re coming†¦Ã¢â‚¬  And then the still evening was broken by the harsh sound of rapidly approaching footsteps. Seldon and Palver spun around, but it was too late; a band of attackers was upon them. This time, however, Hari Seldon was prepared. He immediately swung his cane in a wide arc around Palver and himself. At this, the three attackers-two boys and a girl, all teenage ruffians-laughed. â€Å"So, you’re not goin’ to make it easy, are you, old man?† snorted the boy who appeared to be the group’s ringleader. â€Å"Why, me and my buddies, we’ll take you out in two seconds flat. We’ll-† All of a sudden, the ringleader was down, the victim of a perfectly placed Twist-kick to his abdomen. The two ruffians who were still standing quickly dropped to a crouch in preparation for attack. But Palver was quicker. They, too, were felled almost before they knew what hit them. And then it was over-almost as soon as it started. Seldon stood off to the side, leaning heavily on his cane, shaking at the thought of his narrow escape. Palver, panting slightly from exertion, surveyed the scene. The three attackers were out cold on the deserted walkway under the darkening dome. â€Å"Come on, let’s get out of here quickly!† Palver urged again, only this time it was not the attackers they would be fleeing. â€Å"Stettin, we can’t leave,† protested Seldon. He gestured toward the unconscious would-be muggers. â€Å"They’re really nothing more than children. They may be dying. How can we just walk away? It’s inhumane-that’s what it is-and humanity is exactly what I’ve been working all these years to protect.† Seldon struck the ground with his cane for emphasis and his eyes gleamed with conviction. â€Å"Nonsense,† retorted Palver. â€Å"What’s inhumane is the way muggers like that prey on innocent citizens like you. Do you think they’d have given you a second thought? They’d just as soon stick a knife in your gut to steal your last credit-and then kick you as they ran! They’ll come to soon enough and slink away to lick their wounds. Or someone will find them and call the central office. â€Å"But, Hari, you must think. After what happened last time, you stand to lose everything if you’re linked to another beating. Please, Hari, we must run!† With this, Palver grabbed Seldon’s arm and Seldon after a List backward glance, allowed himself to be led away. As the footsteps of the rapidly departing Seldon and Palver diminished in the distance, another figure emerged from his hiding place behind some trees. Chuckling to himself, the sullen-eyed youth muttered, â€Å"You’re a fine one to tell me what’s right and what’s wrong, Professor.† With that, he spun on his heel and headed off to summon the security officers. 26 â€Å"Order! I will have order!† bellowed Judge Tejan Popjens Lih. The public hearing of Professor Raven Seldon and his young associate, Stettin Palver, had generated a hue and cry among the populace of Trantor. Here was the man who had predicted the Fall of the Empire, the decay of civilization, who exhorted others to harken back to the golden age of civility and order-here was he who, according to an eyewitness, had ordered the brutal beating of three young Trantorians for no apparent provocation. Ah yes, it promised to be a spectacular hearing, one which would lead, no doubt, to an even more spectacular trial. The judge pressed a contact set into a recessed panel on her bench and a sonorous gong resounded through the packed courtroom. â€Å"I will have order,† she repeated to the now-hushed throng. â€Å"If need be, the courtroom will be cleared. That is a warning. It will not be repeated.† The judge cut an imposing figure in her scarlet robe. Originally from the Outer World of Lystena, Lih’s complexion had a slight bluish cast, which turned darker when she became exercised, practically purple when she was really angry. It was rumored that, for all her years on the bench, in spite of her reputation as a top judicial mind, notwithstanding her position as one of the most revered interpreters of Imperial law, Lih was ever so slightly vain about the colorful appearance she gave, the way in which the bright red robes set off her soft turquoise skin. Nevertheless, Lih had a reputation for coming down hard on those who brooked Imperial law; she was one of the few judges left who upheld the civil code without wavering. â€Å"I have heard of you, Professor Seldon, and your theories about our imminent destruction. And I have spoken with the magistrate who recently heard another case in which you were involved, one in which you struck a man with your lead-filled cane. In that instance, too, you claimed to be the victim of assault. Your reasoning stemmed, I believe, from a previous unreported incident in which you and your son allegedly were assaulted by eight hoodlums. You were able to convince my esteemed colleague, Professor Seldon of your plea of self-defense, even though an eyewitness testified otherwise. This time, Professor, you will have to be much more convincing.† The three hoodlums who were bringing charges against Seldon and Palver snickered in their seats at the plaintiff’s table. They presented a much different appearance today than they had the evening of the attack. The young men were sporting clean loose-fitting unisuits; the young lady was wearing a crisply pleated tunic. All in all, if one didn’t look (or listen) too closely, the three presented a reassuring picture of Trantorian youth. Seldon’s lawyer, Civ Novker (who was representing Palver as well), approached the bench. â€Å"Your Honor, my client is an upstanding member of the Trantorian community. He is a former First Minister of stellar repute. He is a personal acquaintance of our Emperor Agis XIV. What possible benefit could Professor Seldon derive from attacking innocent young people? He is one of the most vocal proponents of stimulating the intellectual creativity of Trantorian youth-his Psychohistory Project employs numerous student volunteers; he is a beloved member of the Streeling University faculty. â€Å"Further-† Here Novker paused, sweeping his gaze around the packed courtroom, as if to say, Wait till you hear this-you’ll be ashamed that you ever for a second doubted the veracity of my client’s claims, â€Å"Professor Seldon is one of the very few private individuals officially allied with the prestigious Galactic Library. He has been granted unlimited use of Library facilities for work on what he calls the Encyclopedia Galactica, a veritable paean to Imperial civilization. â€Å"I ask you, how can this man even be questioned in such a matter?† With a flourish of his arm, Novker gestured toward Seldon who was sitting at the defendant’s table with Stettin Palver, looking decidedly uncomfortable. Hari’s cheeks were flushed from the unaccustomed praise (after all, lately his name was the subject of derisive snickers rather than flowery plaudits) and his hand shook slightly on the carved Dandle of his trusty cane. Judge Lih gazed down at Seldon clearly unimpressed. â€Å"What benefit, indeed, Counselor. I have been asking myself that very question. I’ve lain make these past nights, racking my brains for a plausible reason. Why should a man of Professor Seldon’s stature commit unprovoked assault and battery when he himself is one of our most outspoken critics of the so-called ‘breakdown’ of civil order? â€Å"And then it dawned on me. Perhaps, in his frustration at not being believed, Professor Seldon feels he must prove to the worlds that his predictions of doom and gloom really are coming to pass. After all, here is a man who has spent his entire career foretelling the Fall of the Empire and all he can really point to are a few burned-out bulbs in the dome, an occasional glitch in public transport, a budget cut here or there-nothing very dramatic. But an attack-or two or three-now, that would be something.† Lih sat back and folded her hands in front of her, a satisfied expression on her face. Seldon stood, leaning heavily on the table for support. With great effort, he approached the bench, waving off his lawyer, walking headlong into the steely gaze of the judge. â€Å"Your Honor, please permit me to say a few words in my defense.† â€Å"Of course, Professor Seldon. After all, this is not a trial, only a hearing to air all allegations, facts, and theories pertinent to the** case before deciding whether or not to go ahead with a trial. I have merely expressed a theory; I am most interested to hear what you have to say.† Seldon cleared his throat before beginning. â€Å"I have devoted my life to the Empire. I have faithfully served the Emperors. My science of psychohistory, rather than being a harbinger of destruction, is intended to be used as an agent for rejuvenation. With it we can be prepared for whatever course civilization takes. If, as I believe, the Empire continues to break down, psychohistory will help us put into place building blocks for a new and better civilization founded on all that is good from the old. I love our worlds, our peoples, our Empire-what would it behoove me to contribute to the lawlessness that saps its strength daily? â€Å"I can say no more. You must believe me. I, a man of intellect, of equations, of science-I am speaking from my heart.† Seldon turned and made his way slowly back to his chair beside Palver. Before sitting, his eyes sought Wanda, sitting in the spectators’ gallery. She smiled wanly and winked at him. â€Å"From the heart or not, Professor Seldon, this decision will require much thought on my part. We have heard from your accusers; we have heard from you and Mr. Palver. There is one more party whose testimony I need. I’d like to hear from Rial Nevas, who has come forward as an eyewitness to this incident.† As Nevas approached the bench, Seldon and Palver looked at each other in alarm. It was the boy whom Hari had admonished just before the attack. Lih was asking the youth a question. â€Å"Would you describe, Mr. Nevas, exactly what you witnessed on the night in question?† â€Å"Well,† started Nevas, fixing Seldon with his sullen stare, â€Å"I was walkin’ along, mindin’ my own business, when I saw those two,†-he turned and pointed at Seldon and Palver-â€Å"on the other side of the walkway, comin’ toward me. And then I saw those three kids.† (Another point of the finger, this time toward the three sitting at the plaintiff’s table.) â€Å"The two older guys were walkin’ behind the kids. They didn’t see me, though, on account of I was on the other side of the walkway and besides, they were concentratin’ on their victims. Then wham! Just like that, that old guy swings at ’em with his stick, then the younger guy jumps ’em and kicks ’em and before you know it, they’re all down on the ground. Then the old guy and his pal, they just took off, just like that. I couldn’t believe it.† â€Å"That’s a lie!† Seldon exploded. â€Å"Young man, you’re playing with our lives here!† Nevas only stared back at Seldon impassively. â€Å"Judge,† Seldon implored, â€Å"can’t you see that he is lying? I remember this fellow. I scolded him for littering just minutes before we were attacked. I pointed it out to Stettin as another instance of the breakdown of our society, the apathy of the citizenry, the-â€Å" â€Å"Enough, Professor Seldon,† commanded the judge. â€Å"Another outburst like that and I will have you ejected from this courtroom. Now, Mr. Nevas,† she said, turning back to the witness. â€Å"What did you do throughout the sequence of events you just described?† â€Å"I, uh, I hid. Behind some trees. I hid. I was afraid they’d come after me if they saw me, so I hid. And when they were gone, well, I ran and called the security officers.† Nevas had started to sweat and he inserted a finger into the constricting collar of his unisuit. He fidgeted, shifting his weight from one foot to the other as he stood on the raised speaker’s platform. He was uncomfortably aware of the crowd’s eyes upon him; he tried to avoid looking into the audience, but each time he did, he found himself drawn to the **toady gaze of a pretty blond girl sitting in the first row. It was as if she was asking him a question, pressing him for an answer, willing him to **peak. â€Å"Mr. Nevas, what do you have to say about Professor Seldon’s allegation that he and Mr. Palver did see you prior to the attack, that the professor actually exchanged words with you?† â€Å"Well, uh, no, you see, it was just like I said†¦ I was walkin’ along and-† And now Nevas looked over at Seldon’s table. Seldon looked at the young man sadly, as if he realized all was lost. But Seldon’s companion, Stettin Palver, turned a fierce gaze on Nevas and Nevas jumped, startled, at the words he heard: Tell the truth! It was as if Palver had spoken, but Palver’s lips hadn’t moved. And then, confused, Nevas snapped his head in the direction of the blond girl; he thought he heard her speak-Tell the truth!-but her lips were still as well. â€Å"Mr. Nevas, Mr. Nevas,† the judge’s voice broke in on the youth’s jumbled thoughts. â€Å"Mr. Nevas, if Professor Seldon and Mr. Palver were walking toward you, behind the three plaintiffs, how is it that you noticed Seldon and Palver first? That is how you put it in your statement, is it not?† Nevas glanced around the courtroom wildly. He couldn’t seem to escape the eyes, all the eyes screaming at him to Tell the truth! Looking over at Hari Seldon, Rial Nevas said simply, â€Å"I’m sorry† and, to the amazement of the entire courtroom assemblage, the fourteen-year-old boy started to cry. How to cite Forward the Foundation Chapter 27, Essay examples

Human Resource Issue in Brick Moving Company †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: How to handle the situation? Answer:: Brick Moving Companies has a human resource issue where there is a candidate who is qualified but does not meet the set Bona Fide Occupational Requirement (BFOR). It is important for a human resource management to have proper recruitment and selection strategies that will make it possible to employ highly qualified staff (Brewster Hegewisch, 2017). In this case, there is human resource dilemma where a candidate is qualified but has health conditions to fit in the crew. The candidate is not supposed to work 1without a 30-minute break or more than 2-3 hours total within a workday period. This situation requires being properly accessed to avoid ruining the reputation of the company. Considerations As a human resource manager, it is important for an individual to have the leadership skills and knowledge to handle complex issues in the management. A human resource manager is required to follow the set Federal laws governing employment in the country. The law provides for equal employment to an individual, regardless of their national origin, age, sex and disability (Kehoe Wright, 2013). However, the laws provide the organization to come up with the Bona Fide Occupational Requirement (BFOR) which will assist the hiring and retention of employees in the organization. The qualifications are aimed at maximizing production of the company through the employment of qualified employees. Proper recruitment and selection of employees improve the performance of an organization as the staffs are highly qualified (Wilton, 2016). In this case, the BFOR is based on the minimum hours an employee is required to work which is acceptable by law. The policy of the Brick Moving Company is not discr iminating in nature. Thus it applies to recruitment and selection of employees in the organization. Recruitment and selection in an organization are essential in reducing the employee turnover, which reduces the performance of the business. As the HR manager in the Brick Company, I am supposed to follow the set BFOR to ensure that there is increased production of the company. Therefore, I will not consider hiring the employee because he does not meet the minimum BFOR of working 6-8 hours. The policy is not discriminating candidates and aims at ensuring that there is a continuous improvement of the organization through moving of household products from one place to another (Storey, 2014). The candidate with the medical condition does not meet the set BFOR making it hard to consider him for employment as it will negatively impact the production of the company. The candidate is required to offer quality services to the Brick Mover consumers by lifting and moving the household materials. Research to do I will perform a research regarding the human resource laws to ensure that the decision does not negatively impact the organization. It is important for an organization to consider the society views on particular issues in ensuring that it is widely accepted in the targeted market (Al Ariss, Cascio, Paauwe, 2014). In this case, the organization BFOR does not discriminate by age, sex, national origin, and color making it effective for the organization. The human resource managers are required to consider reduction of cost when coming up with a workforce. The implemented BFOR is aimed at reducing the cost of the company by ensuring that all the available employees are working towards the achievement of set goals. The law requires the owner of the business to defend the BFOR policies implemented to reduce cases of discrimination during recruitment (Sparrow, Brewster, Chung, 2016). The Brick Company has a policy which aims at ensuring that there is a continuous improvement of the compa ny through the involvement of employees by stating the 6-8 hours one is required to work as a loader/mover. Conclusion and recommendation In this case, it is evident that BFOR policies implemented by the Brick Movers Company are properly as they do not discriminate candidate based on age, sex, national origin and color. This makes the policies effective to use in the human resource management to ensure that there is the achievement of set business goals. The minimum working hours of 6-8 hours are aimed at ensuring that employees are engaged in serving clients in moving their household goods. Therefore, as a human resource manager, I find the BFOR proper in ensuring that there is a continuous improvement of the company through consumer satisfaction through moving services. Bibliography Al Ariss, A., Cascio, W., Paauwe, J. (2014). Talent management: Current theories and future research directions. . Journal of World Business, 173-179. Brewster, C., Hegewisch, A. (2017). Policy and Practice in European Human Resource Management: The Price Waterhouse Cranfield Survey. . Taylor Francis. Kehoe, R., Wright, P. (2013). The impact of high-performance human resource practices on employees attitudes and behaviors. . Journal of management, 366-391. Sparrow, P., Brewster, C., Chung, C. (2016). Globalizing human resource management. . Routledge. Storey, J. (2014). New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals). . Routledge. Wilton, N. (2016). An introduction to human resource management. . Sage.

Philosophy - An Enquiry Concerning The Principles Of Morals Essays

Philosophy - An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals What is a moral? This is a question that has plagued philosophers for many years. Is it possible to have a set of universal morals? There are many questions that surround the mystery of morals. They seem to drive our every action. We base our decisions on what is right and what is wrong. But what is it that actually determines what is right and what is wrong? Is it our sense of reason? Is it our sense of sentiment? This is a question that David Hume spent much of his life pondering. What exactly is it that drives our actions? Yes, morals drive them, but what determines what our morals are? What is it that ultimately drives our actions; our feelings or our minds? Hume would say that it is our sentiment that ultimately drives our actions. According to Hume, reason is incapable of motivating an action. According to Hume, reason cannot fuel an action and therefore cannot motivate it. Hume feel that all actions are motivated by our sentiment. For example, on page 84 Appendix I, he gives the example of a criminal. "It resides in the mind of the person, who is ungrateful. He must, therefore, feel it, and be conscious of it." Here, it is evident that Hume is saying that unless the person, or criminal in this case, sincerely believes in what he wants to do, he will not be able to motivate the action. In other words, unless the sentiment is there, the action cannot be willed into being. Hence, the sentiment is the driving force behind the action. Hume does not however say that reason is incapable of determining wether an action is virtuous or vicious (moral or immoral), but instead he tries to say that the reason for the morality of an action does not dictate the execution or perversion of an act so far as determination of wether the action is executed or not. In simpler terms, reason has it's place in determining morality, but it is not in the motivation of an action. Motivation must come from the heart, or better yet, from within the person; from their beliefs. Reason merely allows the person to make moral distinctions. Without reason, there would be no morality. Without reason, one moral clause would not be differentiable from another. That is to say that below all morals, there must be some underlying truth because "Truth is disputable; not taste" (p.14). If truth were not disputable, there would be no way to prove that a truth was just that... a truth. To make an analogy to mathematics, truth is a function of reason, whereas taste is a function of sentiment. Sentiment is a function of the individual whereas reason is a function of the universe. The universe as a whole must follow reason, but the catch is that each individual's universe is slightly different in that each individual perceives his or her universe differently. "What each man feels within himself is the standard of sentiment." (p.14) That is to say each person's individual universe has truths. These truths are based on reason. These truths/reasons are what help to determine the person's sentiment. However, it should be noted that because the reasons are NOT necessarily the person's sentiments, they do not motivate actions. One other reason why reason does not impel action is because reason is based on truths. Truths are never changing whereas sentiments are dynamic and are in a constant change of flux. At one moment, the criminal could feel sympathy for his victims and decide to spare a life, and the very next, the same criminal could become enraged at the pimple on a hostage's forehead and shoot him. Of course these are extreme cases, but the point is clear. Reason would dictate that only the first action would be moral. If reason drove actions, then moral behavior would prevail and there would be no immoral actions and hence there would be no crimes. This shows how sentiments can change as the individual's perception of the universe changes. Obviously, the driving force behind the criminal shooting the victim because of a skin blemish is

Enzyme-controlled reaction Essays

Enzyme-controlled reaction Essays Enzyme-controlled reaction Essay Enzyme-controlled reaction Essay Write an account of how any two factors affect the rate of an enzyme-controlled reaction. How do these factors affect the chemical construction and belongingss of the enzyme. Many things can impact the rate of enzyme activity. The temperature of the enzyme. the pH of the solution. the concentration of the enzyme. substrate and the merchandise. Besides. another affector is the figure of competitory and non-competitive inhibitors. As I can non explicate them all. I have chosen to explicate the consequence of temperature and besides the consequence of inhibitors on enzyme activity. Temperature: As the temperature is increased the kinetic theory is applied. More energy is present and the molecules move fast. This increases the opportunity of hit between the enzymes and substrate and so increasing the rate of reaction. At these higher temperatures the active site of the enzyme is really reasonably flexible. The heat has broken a little figure of Hydrogen bonds which hold the site to its form. Harmonizing to the lock and cardinal theory the enzyme’s active site is specific to the substrate and so they fit together. The enzyme merely catalases a individual reaction. As the site is now flexible. there is an increased sum of induced tantrum and so the production of an enzyme-substrate composite is more likely. If the temperature is lower. the active site of the enzyme is much less flexible as there is the maximal figure of bonds present keeping it all together. At the optimal temperature shown on the curve. the conditions are perfect for this enzyme to work in. Different enzymes have different optimums. For illustration. human enzymes work at organic structure temperature whereas there are thermophilic/stable enzymes which are optimal at much higher temperatures such as 85C. Once the enzyme-substrate composite has been formed. the activation energy is lowered and the reaction is at its optimum. For mammalian enzymes. the rate of reaction doubles for every 10C alteration. Once the temperature goes beyond optimum. the rate of reaction lowers. At a certain point on this negative gradient. the enzyme becomes denatured. The third construction is changed and the enzyme becomes for good damaged. Inhibitors: There are two types of inhibitors to an enzyme. They are competitory and non-competitive. The competitory type are similar in form to that of the substrate and so fit into the active site of the enzyme. non responding. hence suppressing the production of an enzyme-substrate composite. An illustration of this is Malonate. It is similar in form to that of succinate and competes for the active site of succinate dehydrogenase which is involved in the krebs rhythm. Another illustration is that of Acetohydroxamic Acid which is similar in form to urea. It competes for the active site of urease. Fortunately. the effects are reversible. To antagonize the effects of an inhibitor without being able to take it itself one should increase the concentration of the substrate to increase the ratio of substrate to inhibitor. The nons of non-competitive inhibitors are really good known as they have been used to harm worlds or other lifeforms. These are things such as nitrile. heavy metals ( which are reversible as they are slackly bound to the enzyme ) and phosphate insect powders and nervus gasses ( which are irreversible and do decease ) . What do you understand by the undermentioned footings: I ) Enzyme-Substrate Complex two ) Enzyme Specificity three ) Prosthetic Group I ) I have mentioned this already in my earlier replies. This composite is what is produced when the substrate tantrums and binds to the active site of the enzyme. In this province. the conditions are favorable and the bonds are weak intending the merchandise can be easy formed. two ) I have besides mentioned this in my above replies. It merely means that the enzyme is specific to one substrate. The lock and cardinal theory explains this where the enzyme is the lock and the key. being the substrate. fits merely into that lock. The enzyme is wholly specific and lone catalases a individual reaction. three ) In the prosthetic group are non-protein molecules. They are covalently ( strongly ) bonded to the enzyme and must be at that place for the enzyme to work decently. If removed they will most likely cause the enzyme to denature. They are one type of an enzyme co-factor. Such illustrations of this are haemoglobin. chlorophyll and cytochromes.

Assignment III Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

III - Assignment Example By the time of the end of the 19th century, the days of horses were over and around 2 million mustangs were roaming across the North American range. They now became a cash crop. A period known as ‘the great removal’ started and countless mustangs were packed in tin cans and send back to Europe or serve in foreign wars. Passing of Burro Act in 1971 was an important event for animal lovers. The act was passed by efforts of Wild Horse Annie who once witnessed bleeding mustangs carried to slaughterhouse and began a drive to defend them2. It is unfortunate that illegal helicopter roundups are being conducted in present time that defies animal rights. It is true that mustangs often sneak staples from other grazing animals. However, cruelty, such as frightening wild horses with rustling noise, is unacceptable to animal rights activists as they come out to watch hundreds of mustangs being chased by noisy machines. According to Smith, over 100 wild horses had to sacrifice their l ives in Nevada in 2009 during such round ups. According to officials, as wild horses have almost no natural killer, their number has increased excessively. Although claims are made that round ups with their relocation are for the welfare of horses, those who have watched round up operations say it was the most distressing sight they have ever seen during their lifetime3. It is unfortunate that cruel means are employed to safeguard interests when there are other ways to deal with the situation. If wild horses are really a threat to neighboring farms, building fences or other such deterrents can prevent such lands. US as a nation can certainly afford spending dollars on such creative projects that give message of kindness and empathy. It would obviously not cost amount anywhere near the money spend on going to war on Iraq or Afghanistan. On the contrary, such gestures by state authorities together with citizens would make the nation as beholder of strong values. Deanna Stillman, recou nts that that during the 16th century when European explorers were crossing the sea entering the new world, their ships across the equator often faced a situation in which it became stranded when the winds stopped blowing. In order to lighten their ships, horses were thrown overboard. It is believed that about half of the horses expired because of this. The horses that persisted helped in the Spanish conquest of the new land. Interesting to note is the comment by Stillman that horses, unlike explorers, were not newcomers to this land. They had a common DNA link with the horses in this region before the ice age4. Wild horses are not a direct threat to human beings. They may periodically harm in terms of sabotaging farming lands etc., but eliminating mustangs for such reasons is barbaric. One finds it difficult to agree with Peterson, who has herself narrated about bleeding mustangs and then agreeing with the policy of rounding up for better land management5. In US, the approach shoul d no more be Spanish explorers’ opportunistic ways of lightening things by eliminating under provocation6. Let there be resilience on state’s policies by looking beyond economic interests. I would suggest finding every other way of addressing problems raised by mustang population other than eliminating or inflicting cruelty on this vegetarian breed.

HRD Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HRD - Case Study Example s in which the acquired companies used when going into market but also rethinking how various business parts could be integrated on a global perspective. Specifically, Mr. Grunewald required finishing market research so that the organization can acquire adequate information prior to entering the market, simplifying the existing production design, rationalizing the distribution channels, and most importantly overcoming regional differences. The company’s recent improvements were the result of a commitment that was met. This involved a four-part strategy that concentrated the organization’s resources as well as energies on a clear set of objectives. These objectives incorporated building the organization’s core profitability, strengthening its management, broadening the returns, and improving returns on equity. Through application of such managerial aspects, the organization’s direction was reversed from the verge of collapse due to customer dissatisfaction and tarnished reputation to a global power surpassing most of its previous performance records. The organization’s current performance is being driven by several factors. First, the urge to re-establish its reputation and its market share in the global perspective is pushing the organization to shift the mode of thinking from the local perspective to global. Second, competition in most segments of the local market has also pushed the organization to improve its practices and focus on bigger and broader opportunities in the global arena. Black & Decker has taken the issue of competition seriously to the point that it has even reverse engineered some of the competitor’s products to manufacture better products with respect to technology and security. One of the strengths include that the proposal had accounted for the major aspects that would be essential to establish the organization in the projected markets. The proposal had catered for communication among the branches and established an idea of the

Definition Of Green Supply Chain Management Commerce Essay

Definition Of Green Supply Chain Management Commerce Essay There is no precised definition of GSCM (Srivastava, 2007). However in this context, the aim of the researcher and the given problems will determine the scope of there green supply chain. Whiles some researchers channel their attention at the procurement phase, others considers the entire supply chain activities (Zhu et al., 2008). To begin with, Handfield et al., (2005) and Kogg (2003) considered green supply chain in the environmental perspective whereby environmental supply chain management can be used to represent green supply chain management. Businesses are developing and introducing green strategies in order to green the supply chain activities to build common approaches towards energy conservation, pollution abatement, waste reduction and improve their operational efficiencies. Subsequently, the increasing importance of sustainability brought to bare the term triple bottom line of all enterprises highlighting the values enterprises must embrace to continue to operate and become more competitive. Thus when executing their professional duties, enterprises are required to simultaneously factor into the strategy or planning economic, social and environmental issues (Elkington, 2004). Even though social and ethical issues can be related to green supply chain management (Markley and Davies, 2007), social iss ues will not be further elaborated in this paper. In another school of thought, GSCM is viewed in another angle as industrial ecology (Jackson and Clift, 1998) and industrial metabolism (Frederick and Kurato, 2009). Industry is a collective word referring to mutually dependent firms belonging to the same economy (Chang and Singh, 2000). According to (Jackson and Clift, 1998) the industrial ecology focuses on improved efficiency and increasing production output of the whiles making the manufactured goods cheaper as well as preventing the pollution into the ecosystem. On the other hand, industrial metabolism which was conceptualise by Robert Ayres from the biological point of view whereby the convertion of raw materials, energy and labour into finished goods and waste are regarded as integration of physical processes (Frederick and Kurato, 2009). This biological metamorphosis is applicable to the manufacturing enterprises whereby the finished by-product of a firm becomes the input or raw materials for the other (Baily et al., 2005). In another approach, GSCM can be linked to the lean paradigm which was conceptualised by (Womack et al., 1990). Womack et al. (1990) stated that lean thinking which was the core practice of the Toyota Production System (TPS) the Japanese motor manufacturing and termed as muda, has close synergy with environment management (Hampson and Johnson, 1996) whereby companies were required to do more with less. Thus avoiding spoiled production, purposeless movement of employees and goods, unnecessary processing steps and services that fail to meet the requirement of customers. And by doing so, the organisational activities which do not create value but absorbs resources are cut off. So the ultimate aim of the lean concepts as developed by Womack et al. (1990) is targeted towards cost reduction in the manufacturing companies through value engineering and analysis so as to provide the optimum prices offered to their customers. Hines et al (2004) claim that lean exist at the strategic and opera tional levels. The customer value-creation strategic thinking applies everywhere in relation to cost, delivery and quality. However, Fisher (1997) argues that the lean thinking is not a supply chain strategy applicable to all sorts of product manufacturing. Yet in another approach Lin et al. (2001) green supply chain management is also connected to Environmentally Conscious Manufacturing (ECM) of which they viewed it as involving developing and putting into operation manufacturing processes that curtailing and getting rid of all forms of waste, improve material utilisation efficiency and improving operational safety as well as reducing energy consumption across the supply chain. McKinnon et al., (2010) supported Lin et al. (2001) views and added few expressions stating that issue of green supply chain focuses on the reduction of energy consumption and emissions, elimination of solid, chemicals or hazardous waste by material suppliers, contractors, service contractors, vendors, distributors and end users within the supply chain whiles increasing recycling and reuse. Ernst and Young (2008) pointed out energy savings and managing resources efficiently as the best option for green supply chain. Sarkis, (2001) Concluded that environmental co nscious manufacturing is an important strategy the enables companies to lower their environmental impact, improve efficiency whiles achieving profits and market share targets. The above opinions expressed regarding green supply chain management create the environmental consciousness will not be completed without the flow of information across the upstream and downstream. Gattorna (2006) viewed supply chain as the enterprises involved in the coordinating process, functions, activities and building relationships and pathways along which information, goods, services and financial transactions are moved from the upstream to the downstream. However for the purpose of the study, the researcher will agree to Hervani et al. (2005) definition of green supply chain management embedded with Gatornas opinion of supply chain. Hervani et al. (2005) viewed green supply chain management as the activities of supply chain in regards to the support of the protection of the environment. The activities range from green purchasing, green manufacturing, green distribution and marketing to reverse logistics. The reason is to make known the flow of both information and material as well relationship building among the supply chain members. It is equally important to note that the major practices of organisations that have introduced green supply chain management which varies across different organisation. 2.2 THEORTICAL FRAMEWORK OF GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT PRACTICES Sarkis (2003) assert that the decisions about the environmental practices are influenced by the four stages of the product life cycle. The introduction stage of the product is emphasised on the product research and development where investment occurs, the growth stage focuses on increasing of production capacities where the logistics channel is significant, whereas the maturity stage is concerned with the implementation of cost and efficiencies and finally the decline stage where the product divestment are necessary. According to Rao (2007) the end-of-life practices has resulted in the operational life cycle of manufacturing company which includes the inbound logistics, work-in-progress, outbound logistics and the possible reverse logistics. Sarkis (2003) focused on to the procurement decision phase as the stage that can expertly influence the suppliers and impact the environment by purchasing green products. In view of this Green et al. (1998) re-emphasize that the most effective wa y for businesses to improve their environmental performance within their supply chain activities can be achieved through green purchasing and supply. 2.2.1 Inbound Logistics (Green Purchasing) Majority of the inbound function fundamentally entails green purchasing strategies implemented by enterprises to react to the growing global issues related to environmental sustainability (Rao and Holt, 2005). Min and Galle (2001, p.1223) defined green purchasing as an environmentally-conscious purchasing practice that reduces sources of waste and promotes recycling and reclamation of purchased materials without adversely affecting performance requirements of such materials. Rao and Holt (2005) opine that engaging in green purchasing can deal with issues such as material substitution through environmental sourcing of raw materials, reducing waste of hazardous materials and other waste produced. The inbound function requires the maximum support and involvement of teh suppliers if the firms can achieve their goal. The companies develop the habit of continually managing the environmental performance of their suppliers to make certain that environmentally-friendly materials and equipments by nature are produced using environmentally-freindly processes to be supplied to the companies. A consultancy firm Carbonfund based in the United States categorically stated that acquiring any input for production should be purchased from an organisation with a carbon-free product certification. This is because such inputs will require less energy, reduce or eliminate equipment stress and lesser carbon emission during the work-in-progress as well as reducing the footprint where possible and offsetting the remaining carbon emissions through third-party validated carbon reduction projects. Furthermore the end product that differentiates the brand and product of the company, reduces its total cost of operations, increase their sales and profit margin, and improve customer loyalty whiles strengthening its CSR and environmental goals (Marshall, n.d). According to the Conservation Value Institute (2008) green refers to products, services and practices whose procurement, manufacturing and use should simultaneously facilitate economic development whiles preserving the natural resources which provides quality of life and components to the global economies for the future generations. So green produced products and services would possess any of the following attributes: the products should have low maintenance requirement, durable, energy efficient and savings; should be biodegradable or incorporate recycled content and can readily be recycled; easily to be reused; do not contain highly toxic compounds and or ozone depleting substances which can result in highly toxic by-products when undergone production stage; and finally the products are to be obtained from nearest resources and manufacturers using the lowest carbon footprint transportation. Min and Galle (1997) used a specific industry groups (heavy producers of scrap and waste materials) to outline the advantages of green purchasing as contributing factor geared to source reduction of pollution in regards to recycling, re-use and low-density packaging, and towards eliminating waste in terms of dumping or scrapping, recycling and sorting for bio-degradable packaging or non-toxic inceneration. However, Min and Galle (1997) pointed out the uneconomical recycling and re-use as the three main barriers associated with green purchasing whereas lack of state or federal regulations, lack of management commitment, lack of suppliers awareness, lack of buyer awareness, deficient company-wide environmental standards or auditing programs are also important issues. Arguably, green purchasing revolves around two key element and these include the evaluation of suppliers environmental performance and mentoring to assist the suppliers to improve their performance (Rao and Holt, 2005). Green purchasing research traditionally focused on the former element wherby the companies use range of technique and tools to assess the environmental behaviour of suppliers to enable them choose supplier. Nontheless, the adoption of environmental management standards such as ISO 14001 certification accredited to the suppliers has reduced that stress (Noci, 2000). On the other hand the latter element goes beyond monitoring and evaluation, geared towards providing guidance and support for the suppliers requiring a extensive change in the attitude of the lead corporations in a supply chain (Hines and Johns, 2001). However, Hines and Johns (2001) from a positive standpoint pointed out building teamwork, non-threatening, sharing potential benefits and supplier mentoring proactive as advantages of mentoring culture, whiles the critical weaknesses is associated with cost implications, lack of physical facilities, lack of trained personnel to deliver such mentoring initiatives and above all lack of facilities. 2.2.2 Production (Green manufacturing) Handfield et al. (2005) supported the initiatives of green design, substitution, extension of products life cycle through material selection, support of suppliers and life cycle assessment (LCA) as the strategies for environmental impact reduction. The green design of the product takes into consideration the product level (thus the environmentally friendly materials to be used) and the manufacturing process of the product. The substitution is essential in the green design so as to eliminate hazardous materials in the manufacturing of the product. Also the extension of the products life ccycle linked to the green design is characterised by the reuse of the parts of an obsolete product to manufactrure new products. In doing so, there is procedures that enables the suppliers to improve their manufacturing process. Geyer and Jackson (2004) pay much attention to the end-cycle strategy of the products which includes the recycling of the end-of-life product which is redirect from being dump ed. The life cycle assessment is concern with the complete physical life cycle of the product from cradle-to- grave (Heiskanen, 2002). So manufacturer are to take into account the environmental pollution throughout the production process. Green manufacturing is interlinked to the content of manufacturing strategy (Dangayach and Deshmukh, 2001) which focuses on three braod approaches namely: manufacturing capabilities, strategic choices and best practices. Kerr and Greenhalgh (1991) viewed manufacturing capabilities as aligning cost, quality, delivery and flexibility which is termed as competitive priorities (Spring and Boaden, 1997) to the requirements of the marketplace. Spring and Boaden (1997) outline the competitive priorities as: Cost: production and distribution of product at lower cost. Quality: manufacture of products with high performance or quality standard Delivery: meet delivery schedules Flexibility: respond to changes in product, product m ix, modifications to design, fluctuations in materials, and changes in sequence. Hill (1987) enumerates the strategic choice areas of the manufacturing strategy into two pillars; the structural and infrastructure. Skinner (1969) identified the structural pillar as process and technology for operations (plant and equipment, product design and engineering and production planning and control) whiles the infrastructure provides it with long-term competitive edge through continuously improving human resource policies, organisation culture, information technology and quality systems (Hayes and Wheelwright, 1985). Best practices in manufacturing strategy has increased in recent years and these encompasses manufacturing resource planning, flexible manufacturing system, group technology, optimised production technology, just in time, total quality management (TQM) and lean production and concurring engineering (Dangayach and Deshmukh, 2001). Hayes and Wheelwright, (1985) highlighted the characteristics of world class manufacturing (WMC) as a typical example of what green manufacturing within a particular company will entail. These are: formal thrust on strategic planning; communication of strategy to all the stakeholders; long-range orientation; strategic role of manufacturing; stress on continuous improvement through TQM; supplier-customer integration and strategic focus on development of human resources. However, procedding from the above, product life cycles are shortening and the evidence is in the computer industry. The environmentalist Lee (2008) criticise the dynamic trait of technological innovation as being problematic in the sense that the rate at which technology is used by companies to create new products in order to be continuously competitive makes that same products obsolete within a short time, which poses risk to the environment. Whiles the consumers have gained from greater variety and improved performance, the trend inexorably results in increased unsold products, increased packaging materials, increased waste and increased returns (Van Hoek, 1999) therefore it is argued that shorter product life cycles has resulted in the increment of the volume of product returns and waste entering the reverse logistics network and the cost of managing them (Giuntini and Andel, 1995). 2.2.3 Outbound Logistics (Green distribution and marketing) The concerns of businesses and consumers mostly in the industrialised countries in relation to the environment and the future of the planet has partially been transformed into corporate organisations in pursuing green or environmental marketing. The outbound function of greening the supply chain encompass green marketing, environmental-friendly packaging and environmental-friendly distribution, an initiative combine to enhance the environmental performance of an organisation and its supply chain (Rao, 2003 and Sarkis, 1999). Business-to-business (B2B) green marketing encompasses a broad scope of activities connected to: product design, the manufacturing process, packaging, service delivery processes, recycling, construction, renovation of buildings and other areas such as communication. Green marketing involves green products as well as greening enterprises (Vaccaro, 2009). The Chartered Institute of Marketing (2007) defined green marketing as the management process responsible for i dentifying, anticipating as well as satisfying the requirements of customers and society. Packaging which also forms part of the organisational life cycle of can also be made to minimise waste and its impact on the environment (Sarkis, 2003). The use of packaging contributes to the waste stream whether it is made of plastic, paper, glass or metal. As a result, several countries now have adopted legislation and programmes with the objective of curtailing the environmental impact of the amount of packaging that enters the waste stream such as the Packaging Directive in the EU (Rao, 2001). Managing of waste and waste exchange can also enhance competitiveness and lead to cost savings (Rao, 2003). Several environmentally conscious enterprises are implementing an on-site waste management treatment facilities and waste exchange networks whereby plastic containers are collected by an outsources firm and brought back to the company for recycled or empty paper carton used as a packaging material by the supplier are sent back to them by the customer for re-use (Rao, 2001). Also othe r stakeholders such as NGOs and governments are tupping in efforts to enhance industrial ecology concepts for corporations whereby a closed loop approach utilises all the waste through recycling, re-use of energy and materials Warehousing and packaging design are the major components in the outbound logistics and distribution (Wu and Dunn, 1995). Wu and Dunn (1995) argued that good warehousing layouts, easy information access reduce storage and retrieval delays and standardized reusable containers whiac are all environmentally sound leads to operating costs savings. In terms of transportation for distribution, an environmentally-friendly transportation system such as transport type, sources of fuel, infrastructure and operational practices and enterprise should be considered (Kam, et al., 2003). An example is just recently, Tesco reveal its plan to open a green distribution center (Teesport Distribution Center) in Middlesbrough. The plans are to get rid of more than 12,000 lorry journeys off the UKs roads annually. The idea is to transport all the goods that arrive from ships by rail into the various stores throughout the UK (Just-food, 2009). 2.2.4 Reverse logistics Rogers and Tibben-Lembke, (1999) viewed reverse logistics as the method of moving a product from the consumption point to another point of with the aim of recapturing the remaining value or for the final proper disposal of the product. Reverse logistics today involves more than the sheer recycling of packaging materials and re-use of containers. Sarkis (2003) outline four environmentally conscious end-of-life practices as reuse, remanufacture, recycle and disposal alternatives of which Tan et al. (2003) included into the scope of reverse logistics logistics. Reduction which is the fifth practice is necessary during the manufacturing or production stage and distribution and its not just applicable as the end-of-life strategy. Even though the reuse, remanufacture, recycle are related, the variance is between the degree of reuse of the material. The reuse is exemplified by the impact of the physical structure of the material whiles the remanufacture uses parts of the original material a nd components are being replaced with other substitute. Finally the recycling then changes the physical structure of the material completely. Tan (1999) highlighted the importance of third-party logistics providers who are anticipated to offer complete solution for collection, transportation and other value-added services. Reverse logistics can also be used to clean out slow moving inventories or customers obsolete, in order to enable customers to buy more newer products (Andel, 1997). For example, Caterpillar Asia and other industrial equipment companies have implemented liberal returns policies that enable them to collect obsolete componenets and spare parts back from their appointed dealers. In return, they then remanufacture these mechanical spare parts to recaliam many remaning value (Fites, 2000). However in the case whereby much sale is not made on the new spare parts held by the dealers, the companies will reimburse their dealers with generous allowance in excahange for spare demanded by their customers. Catterpilar also uses e-commerce program for their dealers to return their existing spare parts in the exchange for those required by new products (Tan et al., 2003). However, the execution of reverse logistics encounters several obstacles or barriers such as lack of manangement attention and company policies, concerns about competitive and legal issues, shortage of personnel and financial resources, the absence of standardized processes and technologies, etc. the poor managing of reverse logistics is due to the fact that more than one firm is generally involved in the process (Rogers and Tibben-Lembke, 1999). Significance of green supply chain management It is vital for the various enterprises to know the importance of practicing green supply chain management since the environment is a major concern to lots of stakeholders such as the customers, consumers, governments, competitors, trade associations and sector bodies, environmental regulators, community groups, business support organisations, partnership groups and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) are becoming environmentally conscious and that firms supply chains are being scrutinise currently than former (Simms, 2006; Holt et al., 2001; Min and Galle, 2001). Policies (existing scm) Prooceeding from the unfolding regulations and legislations from Montreal Protocol (Mascarelli,n.d), Kyoto Protocol (Kolk and Pinkse, 2006) and Copenhagen Climate Summit (Black, 2009) point towards the significance of environmentally conscious manufacturing and distribution will contuinue to develop. The acceptance of the ISO 14001 to provide an international standard for environmental manangement system (Alexander, 1996) is to pressurise enterprises to pay more attention to environmental concerns in the supply chain reproduction so as to prevent exclusion from markets requiring compliance (Thomas and Griffen, 1996). Though the research bodies that are meant to tackle environmentally conscious supply chain management is quite scanty (Thomas and Griffen, 1996), research on environmentally manufacturing has primarily concentrated on product and process design including the concepts of Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) and Design for the Environment (DFE) (Cattanach, 1995). The recent developments on environmental policy motivated Bloemhof-Ruwaard et al. (1995) to argue that the shift in focus from end-of-pipe control to waste prevention through integrated modelling approach, similar to supply chain management is to adequately address environmental issues. Beckman et al. (1995) presented a qualitative discussion by illustrating TQM concept to be corresponding with environmentally conscious supply chain management which Handfield et al. (2005) and Kogg (2003) term as green supply chain management (GSCM) in addressing supplier relations and product design. Beckman et al. (1995) concluded that modification or development of environmentally conscious supply chain management as an integrated model can assess the impact of the flow of products throughout the supply chain. Rao and Holt (2005) cited an example of 212 US manufacturing firms, 75 per cent respondents identified pollution prevention as important to their overall corporate performance of which 37.7 per cent identified customers as a key component in pollution prevention whereas 49.1 per cent of the firms pointed out the suppliers as the key players of pollution prevention (Florida, 1996). Reverse logistics- Clegg et al. (1995) design a linear programming model to find out profit-maximizing materials flows for both new and recycled or reclaimed parts in manufacturing operations. The reclaimed parts can either be partially or totally disassembled and the various part or parts may be discarded (perhaps sold) or reused in manufacturing. Clegg et al. (1995) concluded that the model can be used to check the sensitivity of the models parameters such as disassembly capacity, availability of reclaimed parts and limits on disposal. Rao (2002) and Ho et al. (2002) commented on the concept of green by throwing the challenge to suppliers, manufacturers, distributers, etc to welcome the concept since it fosters collaborative decision-making process that promotes creative thinking resulting into environmental-products innovation through cost reduction, waste and pollution minimisation and efficient use of resources. Citing example, Nikes official team jerseys for the 2010 World Cup were produced through the recycling of plastic bottles found in landfills. These eco-friendly shirts required 30 per cent less energy to produce the shirts compared to the use of traditional materials. Through this green practices, Nike prevented almost 13 million plastics bottles (approximately 254,000 kilogram of polyester waste) from being dumped to the landfill sites (Messenger and Alegre, 2010). Billington et al. (2009) openly stated that it is obvious that the reputations of organisations that fail to be socially responsible in their operations will be tarnished through bad publicity and mostly become vulnerable to and open to attack from NGOs. Hayes and Wheelwright (1985) in their four-stage framework of manufacturing emphases the need for companies to deploy sustainable or environmental policies throughout their operations and incorporating into their missions since that could help them to attain their strategic goals. Significance Preceding from the inbound perspective authors such as Bowen et al. (2001)and Rao (2002) argued that greening the supply chain has several benefits to an enterprise, ranging from integrating suppliers in a paticipative decision-making process that enhance environmental innovation and cost reduction. Authors such as Rao and Holt (2005) recognize that other stakeholders and customers all the time are unable to distinguish between a firm and its suppliers and in the case of environmental liabilities incurred by a company, the stakeholders intend to charge the leading company in that particular change responsible for the poor environmental impacts of all the enterprises within a particular supply chain for a specific product. Chatterjee (1998) claim that companies greening the supply chain is a concept that matches customers satisfaction, product and external business which increases the market shares of the company. Vaccaro (2009) stated that manufacturing and marketing green products differentiates the product to create competitive advantage for the company to become global leader as well as saving costs. Also, it is perceived that green supply chain management promotes efficiency and synergy among supply chain members and their lead corporations and enable them to minimise their waste, enhance their environmental performances and attain cost savings. The synergy is anticipated to improve the corporate image, marketing exposure and eventually to achieve competitive advantage. However Bowen et al. (2001) argue that enterprises will only implement green supply chain management practices provided only if they are able to identify that the practice will be lead to particular financial and operational benefi ts. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF GREEN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT Challenge of green supply chain management Johri and Sahasakmontri (1998) identified high costs, variability in demand and unfavourable consumer perception as the main challenges of green marketing. Several consumers complain of the high prices and unglamorous image of ecologically-freindly products even though the increased awareness of environmental concerns is also resulting into constant development of eco-demand (Johri and Sahasakmontri, 1998) whereas consumer sceptism is used as ecological claims against some enterprise (Polonsky et al., 1997). However Min and Galle (1997) argued that the most serious hindrance towards effective green purchasing is the high cost associated to its environmental programmes. Min and Galle (2001) further raise the concerns about purchasing enterprises who reckon that investing in green products by way of having strong commitment towards environmental programs increases the total purchasing costs of the enterprise which eventually decreases their competitiveness. The reason is as a result of the added cost incur through its commitment in terms of employee training and environmental auditing which positions the company at an economic disadvantage as compared to the other less environmentally responsible companies since the incurred cost will be definitely pass onto the customer or end-user (Vance, 1975). In fact, it will be very difficult for a purchasing firm who has limited financial resources to be willing to adopt green purchasing tactics that can curtail the upstream waste sources which can eventually improve its overall environmental performance (Min and Galle, 2001). Thierry et al. (1995) found out that at the operational level particularly, managers of companies encounter the decision of buying more expensive environmentally friendly materials or purchasing traditional products based on cost, quality or lead time objectives as well as the challenge of locating the suitable information and data concerning green supply chain management. Nonetheless, Hevani et al., (2005) attributed the bottlenecks to green supply chain implementation to the higher cost of environmentally friendly products, lack of protection for innovations, lack of lead time to provide environmental friendly solutions, existing procurement specifications and technological issues. Nonetheless, considering the impact just-in-time has on the environmental performance of a company Nathan (2007) concluded that, the just-in-time approaches actually conflict with the objective of green supply chain management since the more empty trips of trucks makes their operation less efficient. It is obvious that the developed market is the main market of green products, mainly North America, Western Europe, Australia and South-East Asia. However, the demand of ecological products cannot be met by a particular economy thereby creating the opportunities for enterprises in transition economies or developing countries (Borregaard et al., 2003). Meanwhile enterprises in the developed countries take advantage of their reputable brand to expand their